新托福写作全观深度解答18问？

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同学您好：新托福写作是中国考生的弱项，其中语法、用词以及逻辑思维是写作的问题所在，只有在日常生活中多读些范文，了解新托福写作中的逻辑思维，从哪方面考虑问题，句型难度，才可更好的进行锻炼。以下我们整理了一些关于写作评断的权威信息。　　目前对新托福考试的很多理解和看法基本定形。本文通过综合多个权威信息渠道的信息(Official Guide，Teacher'sGuide，Propell Workshop Manual，以及ETS高级专员Susan Hines的讲解和对本人私下提问的回答等)，试图为大家揭开新托福写作众多关键问题的答案。
　　本文分为三个部分：其中Independent Writing Task 9个问题，Integrated Writing Task 6个问题，以及牵涉全局写作的3个问题。
　　Independent Task
　　Q: Independent Writing Task有没有题库?
　　A: 没有，但是可以借鉴TWE的题库。
　　"You will see topics very similar to these [TWE Topics] on the TOEFL iBT." [OG, P267]
　　Q: 准备Independent Writing Task需不需要专业知识?
　　A: "None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and arebased on the common experience of people in general and students in particular." [OG, P267]
　　Q: 写作的时候，观点重不重要?
　　A: "It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trainedto accept all varieties of opinions." [OG, P267]
　　"I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather than straddle the fence." [SusanHines, Dec. 2006]
　　"Creativity is not necessary." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
　　Q: 是否可以通过增加深刻的逻辑和复杂的例子来掩盖或者弥补语言能力的不足?
　　A: 不可以。
　　"If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary islimited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be." [OG,P260]
　　而且从例子的选择上讲，并不要求使用庞大、复杂的例子，尽管这些例子可能论证力更强。个人经历就是一种很好写的例子。阅卷人并不依据论据的复杂性来看文章。
　　"Personal experiences are common." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
　　Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)来写作?
　　A: 那要看你怎么定义"模板"这个词。如果"模板"指的是段落结构和文章结构，那没有任何问题，比如"五段式结构"可能会一直是TOEFL文章最好的写法。但如果"模板"是指背下来的，可以不加思考就可以套到任何题目上的段落内容，那就千万不要这样做。
　　Do not "memorize" long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to youressay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such asthe following:
　　"The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holidayfor people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands,the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However,although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective ofthe issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practicalapplication."
　　"In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done aboutcreating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposalutterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable steps andpersonally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding."
　　Likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot ofwords but fail to develop any real ideas:
　　"At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holiday, ithas to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. Thehuman resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the goodintentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viableand laudable remedy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of actioncould be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution." [OG, P259]
　　"I think you could use it as long as it is on topic." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
　　Q: 阅卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?
　　A: Your ability
　　to respond directly to the question;
　　to take a clear position; and
　　to write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supportingexamples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.
　　[Workshop Manual, P26]
　　Q: 5分和4分最大的区别在哪里?
　　A: "Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, but there are moreflaws and the ideas are less developed." [Teacher's Manual]
　　Q: 词汇和句式是不是越复杂越好?
　　A: 词汇和句式需要一定的复杂性。
　　"Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and onthe quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and verybasic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas." [OG, P260]
　　但是，不是越复杂越好。
　　就词汇而言，关键是表达的准确性。请参看OG第287页的满分范文1，评语中有这样一句话：The writerdoes not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同时请参看Workbook第57页的范文，同样没有big words，也是满分。
　　就句式而言，关键是表意准确、流畅且能够变化。但为了达到变化或者准确表达复杂意思的目标，出现一些复杂的句式是很正常的。但一味追求复杂是没有意义的。
　　Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?
　　A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions.只要能把意思表达清楚，并把问题回答好了，就行了。参见OG第288页满分范文2，评语中这样写道：the writer consistentlydemonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informalexpressions ("Let's assume," "we would all agree," "can make or beak," "come in very handy").
　　Integrated Task
　　Q: 阅读文章和听力文章中共有几种可能的关系?
　　A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listeningpassage.
　　a. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.
　　b. The listening passage that presents the reasons/ways the problem described in thereading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.
　　c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.
　　[OG, P252] [Workshop Manual, P41]
　　目前考的都是Contrast题目(只有一次考到了Solution，但也和Contrast差不多)，预计在不久的将来也不会有太大变化。根据ETS高级专员(Assessment Specialist II)Susan Hines [Dec, 2006]的说法，目前题库中还没有出过关于support的题目("Comparison is not available now.")，所以建议大家主要针对contrast题目进行训练，偶尔也可以用朗文的光盘训练一下solution的写法。
　　Q: 阅读文章和听力文章之间一般会有几点相关联?
　　A: "Typically the main idea will be developed with three points." [OG, P252]
　　Q: 文章中可不可以出现自己对所谈问题的看法?
　　A: "Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked toexplain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading." [OG, P253]
　　Q: 写作的时候可不可以照搬阅读和听力中的原话?
　　A: 总的来讲，照搬原文是不可以的。关键词可以不变，但是整体内容必须被paraphrase出来，特别是阅读材料里面的内容。
　　"In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the samewords of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form ofintellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is notacceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills areimportant to learn." [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]
　　"Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed." [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]
　　Q: 5分和4分的区别在哪里?
　　A: "A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it doesnot reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately." [Workshop Manual, P45]
　　Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的区别在哪里?
　　A: "The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture." [Workbook, P7]
　　"Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all threepoints and usually need to address two of the points of contrast." [Workbook, P11]
　　"Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer thaneither 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuraciesincrease. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused." [WorkshopManual, P46]
　　All Writing Tasks
　　Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在评分程序上有什么区别?
　　A: 总的来讲，高分(4和5分)的文章要符合评分标准上的所有要求才能评为高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合评分标准的某一条就可以评为低分。
　　"In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the scoredescriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lowerlevels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response." [OG,P267]
　　Q: 拼写错误和语言问题要不要紧?
　　A: 关于这一点，我们要一分为二来看。一方面，我们没必要吹毛求疵;阅卷人知道这是first draft并且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不构成理解障碍，就没太大问题(minor flaw)。另一方面，语法和拼写还是重要的，一旦这些小错误导致阅卷人觉得难以理解，就会构成重大问题(major flaw)。
　　把"dependence"写成"dependency"没太大问题;偶尔把"becomes independent"写成了"becomes independency"是个可以看到的错误，但还是问题不大;偶尔写出"They prefer to bedepended on their parents."这样的奇怪句子也会得到阅卷人的宽恕。
　　"Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you tomisrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture." [OG, P253]
　　"If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a highscore. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard tounderstand your meaning, you will get a lower score." [OG, P260]
　　Q: 字数是不是很重要?
　　A: 首先，字数没有上限。
　　其次，目前字数会比以前更有意义，因为考试有计数器专门动态显示字数，为的是让考生对自己的字数做到心里有数。而且两篇文章都有了推荐字数。所以，我的建议是超过这个建议字数，虽然不用超过太多。(Integrated Task超过150，Independent Task超过300)
　　最后，关键是内容，而不是数量。不要为了求字数而导致文章很啰嗦。
　　"Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you writemore, so long as what you write answers the question." [OG, P253]
　　"An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responsestypically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There isno maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted." [OG, P258]
　　"The length is not considered."
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在托福写作考试题目中，作者提出一个问题和两种完全相反的观点，要你从中选择一个立场，并用相关的例子或理由支持证明你的观点。其实这道题你的观点是YES or NO都不是重要的，重要的是你用什么论据论点来证明你的说法，要有句可依。
　　持一立场
　　针对某一个论题，每一种观点都有它的理由。同样，在托福作文中也不存在着唯一的观点和内容。这时，你可以从两个完全相反的观点中选择一个立场。关键在于你如何说服读者：尽管存在着相反的立场，你的观点从总体上来说仍然是最具说服力的。
　　一般说来，应该选择那个政治上正确的或者大多数考生会选择的观点。当然，如果你不擅长写这种文章，你可以适当地调整一下内容以适应你较习惯的舒服的表达方式。但总的说来，文章要均衡，不要包含高度争议性的论述。不要把这里当成思想家的论坛。写一篇高度争议性的文章只会让读者对你产生偏见，同时也会使电脑评分器费解，因为这种文章和其数据库里所储存的文章差别太大。所以，针对问题时尽量使用较冷静平和的语气。尽管如此，你也不能不选择一个立场。你必须选择一个将要“出现”在开头段落和结论段落里的观点。当然，考试时，题目会让你选择一种观点，但你必须明确地表述出来。
　　文章的深度
　　每篇文章你只有30分钟，这么短的时间内你不可能覆盖每一个推理，反驳和例子。当你开始考试时，抽出几分钟的时间确定要写的论点和例子。你不必包含每个论题和概念。大部分学生都没有足够的时间覆盖他想覆盖的内容。所以，只要选择其中最具说服力的点和例子。其实，判分者也不期望你对每个论题都作深入的探讨。
　　这里最重要的是你的作文不要离题。抓住要点。不要扯远了也不要过分集中在某个例子上。
　　例子从何而来
　　题目会告诉你可以利用自己的经历来展开你的论点，得出结论。这种方法是可以的，但不要过分。你的推理依据应该更偏向于所学到的知识而非个人经历。你所举的例子或者知识可能很吸引人，但不要试图深入。因为托福作文测试的是你基本写作能力，而非你的专业知识。留学生：尽量多读一些美国杂志，以适应美国人写作的习惯和跟上时代的潮流。
　　保持简洁
　　试着将自己放在评分者的位置上，他们整天在为作文判分。你希望看到一篇包含5段每段4句的简洁的有效的文章还是4段每段10句的散漫的文章呢?简而言之：确保你的作文干脆，简洁能取悦评分者。在Issue部分这尤其重要，因为在这里你表达的是你自己的观点。
　　想要在托福写作部分取得好成绩的考生，一定要注意文章中提到的相关问题，并且要尽可能避免这样问题的发生。通过自己日常生活中积累，丰富自己的写作知识储备。