李世民的军事能力有多变态?

2025-02-27 21:25:30
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

隋朝末年,隋炀帝杨广即位后荒淫无道,横征暴敛,天下大乱。在位仅仅几年就使得天下烽烟四起,群雄争霸,各地农民起义爆发。隋炀帝杨广被杀后,农民起义军首领之一的窦建德先后击败宇文化及、孟海公、魏刀儿等,在河北称王,建立夏国;王世充与元文都、卢楚等拥越王杨侗为帝。

不久,王世充打败李密,招降了一些瓦岗将领,实力大增,随后废杨侗,在洛阳自立为帝,改国号为“郑”。原山西太原留守李渊也在太原起兵,攻占了隋朝都城长安,拥代王杨侑为帝,自称大丞相,封唐王。杨广死后,逼杨侑让位,称帝长安,建国号为“唐”。这三股势力成为当时逐鹿中原的主要力量。

李渊称帝后为夺取中原,统一天下,采纳了秦王李世民远交近攻、各个击破、先郑后夏的战略方针。武德三年(620年)七月,李渊派年仅22岁的李世民,先安抚窦建德,然后统率七万多精锐唐军东征洛阳,期望先消灭王世充的郑国政权。王世充得到唐军来袭的消息后,立即命王弘烈、王行本、王泰分别镇守襄阳、虎牢、怀州,王世恽、王世伟、王玄应、王玄恕、王道徇分别镇守洛阳南城、洛阳宝城、洛阳东城、洛阳北城、洛阳宫城北。王世充则亲率三万精锐步骑出战李世民。

唐军行台仆射屈突通、赞皇公窦轨带兵与王世充遭遇,双方随即展开战斗,唐军失利。李世民亲率黑甲队前往支援,王世充不敌,被唐军俘获骑将葛彦璋在内的六千余人,王世充逃跑回城。武德四年(621年),李世民迁移军营至青城宫,壁垒还未修好,王世充率两万大军杀到。唐郑两军在此展开了一场大决战,对于李世民和王世充来说,这都是一场惨烈的战争,战斗从早上六七点钟持续到下午才结束。郑军多次冲击都被唐军打散,可还是重整后再战,直到郑军疲惫不堪,王世充不得不下令退守洛阳。

洛阳作为前朝都城,城高墙厚,李世民几次攻打洛阳,都无功而返。于是下令将洛阳重重包围,并派出兵力清剿洛阳周围的残余郑军。李世民还派李君羡劫取虎牢关至洛阳的粮道,王世充之子王玄应被打败,独自逃跑,李君羡随即夺取虎牢关,洛阳周围的州县相继投降唐军。王世充被唐军围困洛阳半年有余,城中粮草严重缺乏,人心惶惶。王世充迫于压力,不得不派人向夏王窦建德求援。窦建德接到求救信后,思虑再三,明白王世充若亡,下个就会是自己,唇亡齿寒的道理,他还是知道的,所以决定出兵救援。

长时间的围困和征战,不仅郑军人困马乏,连唐军也疲惫不堪,此时又听说窦建德率领十几万大军前来。唐军内部也出现了不同的声音,大部分唐军将领认为“洛阳一时难以攻克,王世充又据守不出,如窦建德不来救援就罢了,但现在窦建德率十几万大军气势汹汹的而来,我军将面临腹背受敌之险,不如暂时退兵避其锋芒,以谋后计。”

可李世民却认为“王世充已是强弩之末,如果此时放弃,将前功尽弃,如果让王世充恢复过来,与窦建德联合抗唐,唐必定危险。我们只要阻挡窦建德进军,王世充坚持不了几日,何况窦建德想要驰援洛阳必须经虎牢关,而虎牢关占有地利,易守难攻,现在虎牢关在我们手里,完全可以抵御窦建德大军。”

于是,李世民命李元吉、屈突通等将率主力唐军继续围攻洛阳,自己则带领三千多名精锐直奔虎牢而去。这就是典型的“围点打援”,以主力围困洛阳,用三千多名精锐阻挡窦建德大军,攻破洛阳指日可待。李世民到了虎牢关后,都是以小部队侵扰为主,窦建德打了几仗都没有取得胜利,这一相持就是一个多月,夏军人心出现了波动。

4月,李世民派王君廓劫取了夏军的粮道,大将张青特被俘,这使得夏军士气更加低落。窦建德左右为难之际,其部下凌敬对他说:“陛下在此与唐军对峙一个多月,又不能前进,不如改变作战计划,渡黄河攻打唐朝太原地区,那样就能迫使唐军回援,既解了洛阳之危,又可拓展疆土。”

窦建德认为所说有理,准备照此执行,可王世充派来求援的人苦苦哀求,希望窦建德能继续进攻虎牢关,尽早救援洛阳。窦建德左右为难,思量着如果洛阳在我攻打太原之际就陷落了,那岂不是功亏一篑吗?于是放弃了渡黄河打太原的计划,继续攻打虎牢关。

5月,李世民令军士牧马于黄河边上,以麻痹夏军,让夏军认为唐军草料不足。窦建德果然上当,想乘唐军战马不足之际,攻取虎牢关。全军列阵擂鼓挑战唐军,李世民只派出小股部队应战,到了中午时分,夏军列阵早已筋疲力尽,见唐军不来应战,就松散下来。有坐着聊天的,有抢着喝水的,列阵早已不成样子了。李世民见时机已到,亲率三千铁骑冲入敌阵,直奔中军大帐而去。

夏军顿时一片大乱,溃败之势已经无法阻挡,窦建德只能向东逃跑,最后被唐军生擒。李世民将窦建德押往洛阳,王世充见唯一的希望都被擒获了,知道大势已去,只好献城投降。

此次战役,李世民采用围点打援、以少胜多、正奇并用的方法,以几千之众,不仅生擒窦建德,还俘获了夏军六万多人,迫使王世充投降。创造了我国古代“围点打援”的经典战役,也是“以少胜多”的著名战役。此战一举灭掉了中原地区两股大势力,为唐朝统一天下打下了坚实的基础。

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