推荐回答(4个)
苏格拉底(Socrates)(希腊文:∑ωκράτης(前469年—前399年)是著名的古希腊哲学家。与他的学生之一是柏拉图及柏拉图的学生亚里士多德并称“希腊三贤”。
出生于伯里克利统治的雅典黄金时期,死于雅典的败落时期。(伯罗奔尼撒战争结束后的三十人僭主集团倒台后的时期)。出身贫寒,父亲是一名雕刻师,母亲为助产士。苏格拉底是一位个性鲜明,被人褒贬不一而充满传奇色彩的历史人物。
苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师,他一生未曾著述,其言论和思想多见于柏拉图和色诺芬的著作如《苏格拉底言行回忆录》。苏格拉底最后因触犯了当时权贵的利益而被冠以腐蚀青年思想之名被迫饮毒堇汁而死。
他长期靠教育为业,苏格拉底的教学方式独特,常常用启发、辩论的方式来进行教育。
苏格拉底是柏拉图哲学路线的创始者。
苏格拉底重视伦理学,是古希腊第一个提出要用理性和思维去寻找普遍道德的人,他是道德哲学的创始人,他强调道德是由理性指导的,所以“美德就是知识”,认为善出于知,恶出于无知。
在欧洲哲学史上最早提出唯心主义的目的论,认为一切都是神所创造与安排的,体现了神的智慧与目的。提出了“自知自己无知”的命题,认为只有放弃对自然界的求索(因为那时神的领域),承认自己无知的人才是聪明人。最有知识的是神,知识最终从神而来,真正的知是服从神。
在逻辑学方面,亚里士多德认为苏格拉底提出归纳论证,从具体实事中找出确定的论点,并注意一般定义的方法,对概念作出精确的说明。
苏格拉底的哲学思想主要认为是非有标准。
传说苏格拉底的家庭生活不幸,其妻子是个泼妇。
古希腊哲学家:
苏格拉底、柏拉图 和亚里士多德(socrates,plato,aristole)三人一起创立了今天的西方哲学思想。
阿那克西曼德Anaximander --绘制第一张全球地图的人。
阿那克萨哥拉Anaxagoras--第一个设想月光是日光的反射的人,也是第一个用月影盖着地球和地影盖着月亮的见解来说明日食和月食的人。
毕达哥拉斯--古希腊哲学家、数学家。他是第一个发现勾股定理的人。
赫拉克利特Heraclitus
--他的名言是:"人不能两次踏入同一条河流,因为无论是这条河还是这个人都已经不同。"
泰勒士Thalesde--泰勒士认为万物由水构成,水是万物之源。
希腊哲学家,古希腊三大哲学家(还有柏拉图、亚里斯多德)中的第一位,他为西方文化奠立哲学方面的基础。由於苏格拉底没有著作,关於其人格和教条的资讯主要见於柏拉图的《对话录》和色诺芬的《回忆录》。生活於伯罗奔尼撒战争的混乱时期,道德价值沦丧,苏格拉底觉得必须出面撑起生活的道德面,做法是劝人「认识自己」和探索美德的根本。参与战斗后,他在雅典立法会议中服务。他生活在贫穷中,身体力行自己的道德教化。他的教学方法大致包含了询问尖锐问题,逐渐让学生毫无根据的假设和错误观念无所遁形(苏格拉底法)。拥戴他的学生,包括柏拉图、亚西比德和克里蒂亚斯(约西元前480~西元前403年),有许多是雅典的精英。当亚西比德成为叛徒而克里蒂亚斯加入斯巴达所立的Thirty Tyrants时,苏格拉底受到许多人谴责,包括亚里斯多芬。被控对神不敬和腐化雅典青年,西元前399年他被判死刑;柏拉图的《斐多篇》描述了他的末日,还有他服从判决所表现出来的尊严。苏格拉底影响了所谓的「小苏格拉底派」(包括犬儒学派、昔兰尼学派、麦加拉学派),但他的影响力主要经由柏拉图而在往后岁月开花结果。
(c. 470–399 BC)Greek philosopher, first of the great trio of ancient Greeks (with Plato and Aristotle) who laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.
Since Socrates wrote nothing, information about his personality and doctrine is found chiefly in Plato's dialogues and Xenophon's Memorabilia. Living during the chaos of the Peloponnesian War, with its erosion of moral values, Socrates felt called to shore up the ethical dimensions of life by the admonition “know thyself” and by exploring the essence of virtue. After fighting in the war, he served in the Athenian boule. He lived in poverty, exemplifying his own moral teachings. His teaching method consisted largely of asking probing questions, which cumulatively revealed the students' unsupported assumptions and misconceptions (the “Socratic method”). The students who flocked to him, including Plato, Alcibiades, and Critias (c. 480–403 BC), were many of the finest in Athens. When Alcibiades became a traitor and Critias joined the Sparta-imposed Thirty Tyrants, Socrates was decried by many, including Aristophanes. Accused of impiety and of corrupting the Athenian youth, he was condemned to death in 399 BC; Plato's Phaedo recounts his last day and the dignity with which he submitted to his sentence. Socrates influenced those now known as the “minor Socratics” (including the Cynics, the Cyrenaics, and the Megarian school), but it was mainly through his influence on Plato that his efforts bore their full fruit for subsequent ages.
古希腊哲学家
阿那克萨哥拉-Anaxagoras
阿那克西曼德-Anaximander ,绘制第一张全球地图的人。
阿那克西美尼-Anaximenes
安提斯泰尼-Antisthenes ,犬儒学派创始人
亚里士多德-Aristotle ,西方历史上最重要的哲学家之一
赫拉克利特-Heraclitus
柏拉图-Plato
毕达哥拉斯-Pythagoras ,古希腊哲学家,数学家。
苏格拉底-Socrates
泰勒士-Thalesde:Philosophie der Antike
en:Ancient philosophy eo:Greka filozofio it:Filosofia antica
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