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10 ALKANES
10 烷烃
Number of Isomers
数量的异构体
The compounds now assigned the generic name alkane are also referred to as saturated hydrocarbons and as paraffin hydrocarbons. The word paraffin, from the Latin parum affinis(slight affinity)refers to the inert chemical nature of the substances and is applied also to the wax obtanable from petroleum and consisting of a mixture of higher alkanes.
现在指定的化合物的类名烷烃也被叫作饱和烃和烷烃。这个词石蜡、自拉丁语的parum affinis(轻微的亲和力)指的是惰性的化学性质,是物质,也适用于从石油蜡obtanable组成的混合烷烃较高的。
Derivation of the formulas of the pentanes (3 isomers), hexanes (5). and heptanes(9) has already demonstrated the sharp rise in diversity with increasing carbon content.
推导的公式的pentanes(3异构体),hexanes(5)。heptanes(9)已经得到了证明的急剧增长的多样性与增加碳含量。
Normal Alkanes
正构烷烃
Successive members of the series differ in composition by the increment CH2 and form a homologous series. Thus heptane and octane are homologous hydrocarbons; icosane is a higher homolog of methane.
连续的成员组成的系列不同,形成相应增加CH2系列。因此庚烷和辛烷值是相应的碳氢化合物,icosane更高的homolog甲烷。
Saturated Unbranched — Chain Compounds and Univalent Radicals
分枝链饱和-化合物及单叶激进分子
The first four saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons are called methane . ethane, propane and butane. Names of the higher members of this series consist of a numerical term, followed by "-ane" with elision of terminal "a" from the numerical term. Examples of these names are shown in the table below. The generic name of- saturated acyclic hydrocarbons (branched or unbranched) is “alkane.”
前四饱和烃中被称为无甲烷。乙烷、丙烷、丁烷。更高的成员的名字这一系列由一个数值术语,其次是“-ane”和省音终端的“a”数值的术语。其中一个例子的名字列于下表。植物的属名的饱和烃-无分枝或者不分枝)是“烷烃。”
Examples of names: (n = total number of carbon atoms)
实例名称:(n =总人数的碳原子)
n n n
n n n
1 Methane 15 Pentadecane 29 Nonacosane
29 nonacosane 15十五烷1甲烷
2 Ethane 16 Hexadecane 30 Triacontane
30 triacontane 2乙烷16十六烷
3 Propane 17 Heptadecane 31 Hentriacontane
17 heptadecane 31 hentriacontane 3丙烷
4 Butane 18 Octadecane 32 Dotriacontane
18 octadecane dotriacontane丁烷四32
5 Pentane 19 Nonadecane 33 Tritriacontane
19 nonadecane 33 tritriacontane 5的比较
6 Hexane 20 Icosane 40 Tetracontane
20 icosane 40 tetracontane 6己烷
7 Heptane 21 Henicosane 50 Pentacontane
7 henicosane 50 pentacontane庚烷21
8 Octane 22 Docosane 60 Hexacontane
22 docosane 60 hexacontane 8辛烷值
9 Nonane 23 Tricosane 70 Heptacontane
23 tricosane 70 heptacontane 9壬烷
10 Decane 24 Tetracosarre 80 Octacontane
10 decane 24 tetracosarre 80 octacontane
11 Undecane 25 Pentacosane 90 Nonacontane
11 undecane 25 pentacosane 90 nonacontane
12 Dodecane 26 Hexacosane 100 Hectane
12 dodecane 26 hexacosane 100 hectane
13 Tridecane 27 Heptacosane 132 Dotriacontahectane
13 tridecane 27 heptacosane 132 dotriacontahectane
14 Tetradecane 28 Octacosane
14 tetradecane 28 octacosane
Saturated branched acyclic hydrocarbon is named by prefixing the designations of the side chains to the name of the longest chain which is numbered from one end to the other by Arabic numerals, the direction being so chosen as to give the lowest numbers possible to the side chains. When series of locants containing the same number of terms are compared term by term, that series is "lowest" which contains the lowest number on the occasion of the first difference1. This principle is applied irrespective of the nature of the substituents.
饱和烃以无分枝的prefixing侧链的指称的名字被数最长的链,从一个目标到另一辆,则是由阿拉伯数字,方向如此选为给最低编号可能侧链。当一系列的locants含有相同数量的术语词词相比,“最低”系列包含少数场合上的第一difference1。这个原理应用不论取代基的性质。
The presence of identical unsubstituted radicals is indicated by the appropriate multiplying prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- , hexa- , hepta-, octa- , nona-, deca , etc.
相同的unsubstituted激进分子的存在表明,适当增加迪-前缀、三-,表示“四”,表示“五”,海格萨-,表示“七”,octa -,将纳米-,deca等。
Univalent radicals derived from saturated acyclic hydrocarbons by removal of hydrogen from a terminal carbon atom are named by replacing the ending " — ane" of the name of the hydrocarbon by "—yl". The carbon atom with the free valence is numbered as 1. As a class, these radicals are called normal, or unbranched chain, alkyls.
单叶激进分子来源于丝氨酸饱和烃氢循环从一个终端碳原子取代命名的结局”——安逸”的名字“-yl”油气。碳原子和自由价数为1。作为一个阶层,这些激进分子被叫做正常或分枝链,alkyls。
Stability. — Alkanes are relatively inert, chemically, since they are indifferent to reagents which react readily with alkenes or with alkynes. n-Hexane, for example, is not attacked by concentrated sulfuric acid, boiling nitric acid, molten "sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, or chromic acid; with the exception of sodium hydroxide, these reagents all attack alkenes at room temperature. The few reactions of which alkanes are capable require a high temperature or special catalysis.
稳定性。-烷烃相对惰性、化学,因为他们不关心试剂,反应和二烯烃容易地。调查表,举例来说,是不被浓硫酸、煮硝酸,熔融“氢氧化钠、高锰酸盐指数、或铬酸,除了氢氧化钠,这些试剂所有攻击烯烃室温。几个反应的能力要求烷烃高温或特殊催化。
Halogenation. —If a test tube containing n-hexane is put in a dark place and treated with a drop of bromine, the original color will remain undiminished in intensity for days. If the solution is exposed to sunlight, the color fades in a few minutes. and breathing across the mouth of the tube produces a cloud of condensate revealing hydrogen bromide as one reaction product. The reaction is a photochemical substitution:
卤化。如果一个试管调查表包含放在黑暗的地方和治疗用一滴溴、原有的色彩之曲强度仍将持续好几天。如果解暴露在阳光下,颜色褪色,在几分钟内。和呼吸管在口中产生的氢云凝结揭示溴反应作为一个产品。光化学反应替代:
Chlorination of alkanes is more general and more useful than bromination and can be effected not only photochemically but also by other methods.
氯烷烃更全面,更有用的是比溴化,不仅能影响photochemically还有其他方法。
Light initiates chlorination of an alkane by converting chlorine molecules into chlorine atoms by a process of hemolysis, in which a covalent bond is severed and one electron is retained by each of the atoms forming the bond: Cl:Cl —→Cl • + C1• . A chlorine atom has an odd, or unpaired electron and is a free radical. Because of the tendency of atoms to attain their normal valence shells, any free radical is a highly reactive species. Photochemical chlorination proceeds through a succession of free radicals; it is a free radical chain reaction. The chain initiating step (1 ), hemolytic fission of chlorine molecules, produces chlorine free radicals; in chain propagating steps, a chlorine radical attacks a molecule of alkane to produce hydrogen chloride and an alkyl radical (2), which in turn attacks a chlorine molecule to produce a chloroalkane and a chlorine radical (3). Since chlorine-radicals required in step (2) are regenerated in step (3), the two reactions together constitute a chain which, if both reactions proceeded with perfect efficiency, would be self-propagating without further requirement of light energy, The efficiency. however. is not perfect, for chlorine radicals can recombine (4), combine with alkyl radicals ( 5), or dissipate energy by collision with the flask wails. Hence continued radiation is required to maintain an adequate supply of initiating radicals. The chain initiating step requires input of light energy amounting to + 242.8kJ/mole. Step (2), however, is exothermic, since the energy required to break the C — H bond is less than the bond energy of H — Cl. The second chain propagating step (3) is likewise exothermic, and indeed chlorination of an alkane can proceed explosively.
光氯化的提升者将氯烷烃分子转化为氯原子的溶血由过程,在这一过程中是一个共价键切惭,保留每一个电子的原子形成邦德:Cl:Cl -→氯•+ C1•。一个氯原子有一个奇怪的,或者未成对电子是一个免费的自由基。因为这一倾向的原子达到他们的正常价贝壳、任何自由基是一种高活性的物种。光化学氯化收益穿过一连串的自由基;它是一种自由基连锁反应。链条启动步骤(1)、溶血性裂变的氯分子,产生氯自由基;在链传播步骤,激进分子袭击了一氯烷烃制造氢氯化物和一个烷基自由基(2),反过来攻击一个氯分子产生一种chloroalkane和氯自由基(3)。由于chlorine-radicals步骤(2)要求是再生步骤(3),两种反应共同构成一链,如果两个反应效率进行完善,没有进一步的要求直接光能量,效率。不过了。不是很完美,为氯自由基可以重组(4),结合烷基自由基(5),或由碰撞能量消散与瓶恸哭。于是继续辐射必须保持足够的起爆激进分子。链条启动步骤需要输入光能量的达+ 242.8 kJ /鼹鼠。步骤(2),然而,放热,因为所需的能量,打破了C - H键小于债券能源H氯。第二个链传播步骤(3)同样是放热,甚至一个进行氯烷烃发生爆炸。
Cracking. —Heated to temperatures in the range 500 ~ 700°, higher alkanes undergo pyrolytic rupture or cracking to mixtures of smaller molecules, some saturated and some unsaturated. Unsaturated hydrocarbons produced by selective cracking of specific petroleum fractions are useful in chemical synthesis. Cracking ruptures carbon — carbon rather than carbon —hydrogen bonds because the energy required to break the C —C bond is 247kJ. /mole, whereas the C — H bond energy is 364kJ/mole.
开裂。与气温-Heated范围500 ~ 700°,更高的烷烃进行热解破裂或裂缝的小分子化合物的混合物,有些饱和和一些不饱和。不饱和烃选择性裂解产生的特定的石油馏分中非常有用的化学合成。碳-碳开裂开裂而不是碳-hydrogen债券,因为所需的能量,C - C打破债券是247 kJ。/鼹鼠,而C - H键的能量是364 kJ /鼹鼠。
Oxidation. —The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen with the output of energy is the basis for use of gasoline as fuel in internal combustion engines. The energy release on burning a given hydrocarbon is expressed as the heat of combustion in terms of kJ/mole.
氧化。-反应的氧烃与输出的能量是依据汽油为燃料的使用在内燃机。燃烧的能量释放一个给定的油气表示燃烧热从kJ /鼹鼠。
Incomplete combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons is important in the manufacture of carbon blacks, particularly lampblack, a pigment for ink, and channel black, used as a filler in rubber compounding. Natural gas is used because of its cheapness and availability; the yield of black varies with the type of gas and the manufacturing process but usually is in the range of 2~6% of the theoretical amount.
不完全燃烧的气态碳氢化合物是重要的生产碳黑,尤其是油烟、颜料墨水的、渠道黑,把它当作一种填料在橡胶的合成。天然气的使用,因为它便宜和有效性;黑色的产量随气体种类和加工工艺范围,但通常是在2 ~ 6%的理论金额。
Partial air oxidation of a more limited extent is a means for production of specific oxygenated substances. Controlled air oxidation of high-boiling mineral oils and waxes from petroleum affords mixtures of higher carboxylic acids similar to those derived from fats and suitable for use in making soaps.
部分氧化更有限的程度是一种特定的含氧量的物质生产。控制空气氧化蜡high-boiling矿物油、从石油羧酸混合物提供更高类似于那些来自脂肪,适用于制作肥皂。
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