推荐回答(2个)
所谓C级钢,一般特指机械性能和化学成分均达到美国铁路协会(AAR)AAR-M-201和AAR-M-211C级钢标准的钢材。从1962年开始,美国经AAR批准的货运列车,所有车钩均采用C级钢。为满足铁路高速重载运输的需求,C级钢正逐步取代传统使用的普通碳素铸钢,成为我国铁路货车车钩的主导材料。
美国专利US5482675涉及的一种高强度、细晶粒的中低碳合金钢铁,铸钢成分:C 0.15-0.21%,Si 0.35-0.65%,Mn 0.90-1.30%,S�0�50.025%,P�0�50.025%,Cr 0.25-0.60%,Mo 0.10-0.30%,余量为Fe和杂质,采用适当的淬火和回火温度,可使钢材的强度、塑性和低温韧性符合AAR-M-201标准对C级钢的的要求。欧洲专利EP1306458公开的一种耐腐蚀、耐应力腐蚀破裂并具有适当的强度和韧性平衡的透平转子钢材,其含有(重量%)C:0.01-0.10%,Si:0.01-0.50%,Mn:0.1-1.0%, Cr:9-13%,Ni:2-7%,Mo 0.3-3%,N:0.01-0.10%,此外还含B:0.0005-0.005%、Ca:0.001-0.009%、稀土元素:0.003-0.03% 中的任何一种以上,其余为Fe和杂质。该合金钢的热处理采用淬火后于500-700℃进行两次以上的回火。选用合适的成分配比,可使该钢材料的抗拉强度、屈服点和断后伸长率达到AAR对C级钢的要求。
我国对低合金高强度的铸钢材料的开发历史还不长,目前研制的C级钢主要有ZG24SiMnVTi、ZG25MnCrNiMo和ZG32MnMoNiCu等三个钢种。其中,ZG24SiMnVTi系铸钢材料采用正火+回火的热处理方式,力学性能指标:σb 688.8MPa,σS 472.3MPa,δ4 24.3%,Ψ 54%,Akv(常温) 71.8J/cm2,钢材料的强度和塑性达到了AAR对C级钢的要求。戚墅堰机车车辆工艺研究所开发的ZG25MnCrNiMo C级钢,钢材成分:C 0.25%,Si 0.36%,Mn 1.36%,S 0.031%,P 0.028%,Cr 0.42%,Ni 0.43%,Mo 0.21%,Cu 0.10%,采用正火+回火的热处理方式,力学性能指标:σb 640MPa,σS 470MPa,Ψ 51%, Akv(-18℃) 43J,44J,49J(平均为45.3J),Akv(-40℃) 27J,35J,38J(平均为33.3J), ZG25MnCrNiMo铸钢克服了ZG24SiMnVTi铸钢的铸造性能差、可焊性不好和裂纹敏感等缺点,具有良好的机械性能和焊接性能。内蒙古第一机械制造厂研制的ZG32MnMoNiCu钢车钩材料含有Mo、Ni、Cu等合金元素,采用淬火+回火的热处理方式,属于调质C级钢,其力学性能指标:σb 623MPa,σS 417MPa,δ4 22%,Ψ 45%,Akv(-40℃) 27J。
韧性不足和低温抗脆能力差是我国铁路货车车钩存在的主要缺陷。70年代美国对车钩损坏原因进行的综合研究表明,C级钢经淬火+回火处理(即调质处理),具有回火马氏体和低贝氏体结构,有利于提高钢材料的低温韧性,更适用于制造车钩。因此,生产调质处理的C级钢,提高钢材的综合力学性能,是今后我国铁路火车车钩材料研制的努力方向。
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