推荐回答(5个)
【概述】
生菜是叶用莴苣的俗称,属菊科莴苣属。为一年生或二年生草本作物,也是欧、美国家的大宗蔬菜,深受人们喜爱。生菜原产欧洲地中海沿岸,由野生种驯化而来。古希腊人、罗马人最早食用。生菜传入我国的历史较悠久,东南沿海,特别是大城市近郊、两广地区栽培较多,特别是台湾种植尤为普遍。近年来,栽培面积迅速扩大,生菜也由宾馆、饭店进入寻常百姓的餐桌。
【特征特性】
生菜按叶片的色泽区分有绿生菜、紫生菜两种。如按叶的生长状态区分,则有散叶生菜、结球生菜两种。前者叶片散生,后者叶片抱合成球状。如再细分则结球生菜还有三个类型,一是叶片呈倒卵形,叶而平滑,质地柔软、叶缘稍呈波纹的奶油生菜;另有一种叶片呈倒卵圆形,叶面皱缩,质地脆嫩,叶缘呈锯齿状的脆叶生菜。以后者栽培较普遍;再有一种就是叶片厚实、长椭圆形,叶全缘,半结球型的苦叶生菜,这种生菜很少栽培。
结球生菜性喜冷凉的气候,生长适温为15—20℃,最适宜昼夜温差大、夜间温度较低的环境。结球适温为10—16℃,温度超过25℃,叶球内部因高温会引起心叶坏死腐烂,且生长不良。种子发芽温度为15—20℃,高于25℃,因种皮吸水受阻,发芽不良。生菜在夏季播种时需低温处理,浸种后放冰箱的冷藏室中催芽,待芽露白后再行播种。散叶生菜比较耐热,但高温季节,同样生长不良。生菜性喜微酸的土壤(pH6—6.3最好),以保水力强、排水良好的砂壤土或粘壤土栽培为优。生菜需要较多的氮肥,故栽植前基肥应多施有机肥,生长过程中,不再施有机肥。生长期间不能缺水,特别是结球生菜的结球期,需水分充足,如干早缺水,不仅叶球小,且叶味苦、质量差。但水分也不能过多,否则叶球会散裂,影响外观品质,还易导致软腐病及菌核病的发生。只有适当的水肥管理,才能获得高产优质的生菜。
【栽培要点】
生菜属冷凉蔬菜,露地栽培主要是春、秋两季。如要周年供应,则要采用露地、保护地相结合的方式生产,基本上可满足全年的需求。上海地区,春季栽培时,一般于1月底到2月上旬,在冷床育苗,3月上旬左右定植。如春季露地育苗,则3月上旬播种,4月上旬定植。行株距一般掌握在30厘米见方,每666.7平方米栽苗5000—6000株。生菜的种子细小,一般播25克就可栽种666.7平方米。随品种熟性不同,定植至采收为30—50天。秋季栽培常于8月份进行,播种时正值上海的高温季节,种子须浸种3—4小时,使其充分吸水,后用布包好,放入冰箱冷藏室催芽,温度一般掌握在5—10℃的范围内,4—5天后,有70—80%的种子露出白芽时即可播种。苗床浇足水,播种后须用麦草覆盖,如有遮阳网,则搭棚遮阴更理想。待60%一70%的幼苗出土,须及时揭去麦草,但仍需遮阴,以防高温下幼苗被晒死。秋季播种,由于气温高,蒸发量大,整个苗期须维持土壤湿润,否则育苗不理想。生菜生长快,生长期短,有的品种,种植后月余,即可采收。散叶生菜的单株重250—500克,结球生菜较散叶生菜生长期长,单株重量大,一般在400—750克,生长期长的晚熟品种可达1000克以上。生菜666.7平方米的产量随品种而不同,通常为1000—3000千克。
【营养与食用】
生菜富含水分,每100克食用部分含水分高达94%一96%,故生食清脆爽口,特别鲜嫩。每100克食用部分还含蛋白质1—1.4克、碳水化合物1.8—3.2克、维生素C10—15毫克及一些矿物质。生菜还含有莴苣素,具清热、消炎、催眠作用。生菜含热量低,在崇尚形体苗条的当今世界,倍受人们喜爱。生菜的主要食用方法是生食,为西餐蔬菜色拉的当家菜。洗净的生菜叶片置于冷盘里,再配以色彩鲜艳的其他蔬菜或肉类、海鲜,即是一盘色、香、味俱佳的色拉。用叶片包裹牛排、猪排或猪油炒饭,也是一种广为应用的食用法。另外,肉、家禽等荤性浓汤里,待上餐桌前放入生菜,沸滚后迅即出锅,也不失为上等汤菜。总之,生菜有各种各样的食用法,尽可按照自己的口味烹调。
【推荐食谱】
鳝粒生菜包
[用料]鲜嫩生菜150克,鳝背250克,水发香菇25克,冬笋肉25克,胡萝卜25克,青豆10克,蒜头2瓣,生姜3克,青葱3克。
[调料]植物油、黄酒、精盐、白糖、蚝油、胡椒粉、麻油、味精各适量。
[制法]
(1)生菜漂洗干净,冷开水冲淋一下沥干装盆。
(2)鳝背洗净、沥干,切成细粒;香菇、胡萝卜以及在淡盐水中煮熟的笋肉分别切成小丁;青豆于沸水中氽熟冷水冲凉后待用。
(3)锅内加植物油50克,烧熟后降温至6成热,投入剁成茸的蒜末、生姜末、葱末,随即投入鳝背粒爆至肉质稍硬,入菇丁炒匀,烹上黄酒,加入笋丁、胡萝卜丁,以及盐、糖、蚝油、少许清水,旺火煮沸后,文火焖煮3分钟左右,倒入青豆,并用水生粉勾薄芡,淋入麻油起锅装盆。菜面撒上胡椒粉上桌,随跟生菜盆。食用时取生菜叶,舀上少许三丁鳝粒,包卷后进食。
[特点]生菜清香脆嫩,鳝肉美味可口。
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