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Copper is a reddish metal with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. It is malleable, ductile, and an extremely good conductor of both heat and electricity. It is softer than iron but harder than zinc and can be polished to a bright finish. It is found in Group 11 of the periodic table, together with silver and gold. Copper has low chemical reactivity. In moist air it slowly forms a greenish surface film (usually a mixture of carbonate, sulfate, hydroxide, and oxide) called patina; this coating protects the metal from further attack. Copper dissolves in hot concentrated hydrochloric or sulfuric acid but is little affected by cold solutions of these acids; it also dissolves in nitric acid. Salt water corrodes copper, forming a chloride.

Color
Copper抯 color is a unique softly reflective brown red to deep brick red. Exposure to Oxygen causes Copper to tarnish and turn a Teal Green as is the case with one of America抯 most famous monuments the Statue of Liberty.

Presence in Minerals
Copper is an element (Cu) and appears often in nature in compounds that form minerals such as Malachite-CuCO(3) or Cu(OH)2, a green semi-precious stone and Azurite-2CuCO(3) or Cu(OH)2, a blue crystal and the basic Carbonate of Copper.

Alloys
The most famous Copper alloy is Bronze, a Copper/Tin alloy, that played a large role in the advancement of ancient cultures. Copper is also often mixed with Zinc to form Brass. Other alloys include Sterling Silver, which is 92.5% Silver (minimum) and 7.5% Copper and lower Karat Gold. Jewelry manufacturers add Copper to Silver and Gold to increase the strength of the items. They also use Copper for the process of Electroplating Gold. In Electroplating, jewelers apply Gold to Copper using electricity and can achieve a very thin product.

Production
Ores of Copper include Sulfides, which require enriching the ore, and oxidized ores, which require no enrichment. Copper mines are either open pit mines or underground. Open pit mines are generally easier to make profitable but are environmentally destructive.

Chemical Composition: Cu

Hardness 2?- 3

Specific Gravity 8.9

Luster Metallic

Crystal System is isometric

Streak is reddish copper color.

Hardness is 2.5-3

Specific Gravity is 8.9+

Boiling point: 2,567 degrees C

Atomic number: 29

Tensile strength: approx. 19,000 psi

Atomic weight: 63.546

Melting point: 1,083 degrees C

http://www.jewelrysupplier.com/2_copper/Copper_properties.htm

http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cu/phys.html

http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Cu-en.htm

The cyclic voltammetry and the potential-time curve after galvanostatic electrolysis were used to study the electrode processes of Cu(Ⅱ) in CH3OH solution and DMSO solution. The electroreduction of Cu(Ⅱ) to Cu on a Pt electrode proceeds in two steps: Cu(Ⅱ) + e = Cu(Ⅰ); Cu(Ⅰ) + e = Cu. The reduction potential of Cu(Ⅱ) in DMSO solution is more negative than that in CH3OH solution, and the diffusion coefficient of Cu(Ⅱ) ion in DMSO solution is larger than that in CH3OH solution because the polarity of DMSO is larger than that of CH3OH observably and has a stronger solvating power.

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