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什么是comparative advantage？什么是它的对国际贸易理论的贡献？

2025-03-13 17:27:34

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回答1：

In economics, the principle of comparative advantage explains how trade is beneficial for all parties involved (countries, regions, individuals and so on), as long as they produce goods with different relative costs. Usually attributed to the classical economist David Ricardo, comparative advantage is a key economic concept in the study of trade.

Adam Smith had used the principle of absolute advantage to show how a country can benefit from trade if the country has the lowest absolute cost of production in a good (ie. it can produce more output per unit of input than any other country). The principle of comparative advantage shows that what matters is not the absolute cost, but the opportunity cost of production. The opportunity cost of production of a good can be measured as how much production of another good needs to be reduced to increase production by one more unit.

The principle of comparative advantage shows that even if a country has no absolute advantage in any product (ie. it is not the most efficient producer for any good), the disadvantaged country can still benefit from specializing in and exporting the product(s) for which it has the lowest opportunity cost of production.

比较优势
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亚当斯密提出了绝对优势，大卫·李嘉图提出了相对优势以改进绝对优势理论的一些不足。

比较优势或相对优势是经济学上为什么在一方拥有较低成本的优势下贸易对双方都有利。可分为静态比较优势和动态比较优势。

绝对优势只考虑表面的优势，但比较优势是考虑相对的优势。如果一个国家在生产两种物品上皆拥有绝对优势，根据亚当斯密，两国不会有贸易。但大卫·李嘉图认为，这两个国家仍然有机会会出现贸易，并且可以互相得益。

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