玉米的生长过程田间管理(浇水.锄草.施肥.喷洒农药.)谢谢。。。。。。。。。。急

2025-02-26 23:19:17
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

  看楼主资料是河北的,特制订亩产800公斤方案:

  1、土地选择。应该选择上等土壤肥力,地势平坦,排灌方便的地块。

  2、选用优良品种。如先玉335、良玉88、郑单958、浚单20、京单28等。

  3、播种前种子的处理。(1)种子精选 选用粒大、饱满,具品种特性的杂交种子粒做种子,机械或人工选粒除去病斑粒、虫蚀粒、破损粒、混杂粒及杂质。种子的纯度不低于98%,净度不低于99%,发芽率不低于85%,含水量不低于13%。(2)拌种。种子包衣,可有效控制玉米苗期病害、玉米丝黑穗病和地下害虫。一般0.5公斤种衣剂拌种25公斤,种子,播种前3-5天进行拌种,拌种时充分搅动、拌匀,使种衣剂在玉米种子外层形成一均匀薄膜。

  4、精细播种。推广玉米免耕播种技术,在联合收割机收小麦后,进行小麦秸秆粉碎,小麦收获后夏玉米抢时早播,冀中南地区6月20日前播完,播量根据籽粒大小而定,一般2.5公斤左右,播深4-6厘米,深浅一致。

  5、施基肥。播种时亩施磷酸二铵5公斤,复合肥30到40公斤,和(可自主选择,不缺不用施:一公斤硫酸锌,一公斤硼砂),先开沟将肥料施入,再播种。或使用施肥播种一体的机械播种。使种、肥分开防止烧苗。

  6、浇保苗水。为达到一次播种保苗全、苗齐、苗壮,采取播后浇蒙头水。

  7、苗期管理。(1)防治病虫草。采取化学除草, 每亩用40%乙阿合剂200毫升,兑水50㎏,在玉米播后芽前喷施;或每亩用50%的都阿合剂150毫升,兑水50㎏,在玉米4叶期前喷施。也可用异丙草莠、乙莠按标准使用。对苗期灰飞虱、粘虫、蓟马、棉铃虫、金针虫、耕葵粉蚧及其它地下害虫,采用杀虫剂喷施和灌根,严格按防治标准、防治时间、用药量执行,还要注意玉米粗缩病防治。(2)查补苗。确保苗全、苗齐、苗壮。(3)及时定苗,4叶期间苗,6叶期定苗,去病苗、杂苗、弱苗、大苗、小苗,留壮苗、齐苗。(4)合理密植。早熟矮杆品种亩留苗5000株左右,中熟品种4000株左右,晚熟品种3500~4000株。(5)加强水肥管理促苗早发,6~7叶前亩施氯化钾15㎏,尿素10公斤。全部采取开沟施肥,施肥后浇水。夏玉米苗期短,发育快,苗期应及早管理,以促为主。

  8、穗期管理。(1)追肥。玉米开始拔节后应及时追肥,亩追尿素8~10公斤,大喇叭口期追孕穗肥,亩追尿素15~20公斤。也可以在大喇叭口期一次施用尿素30公斤左右,但效果不如前一种。(2)浇水。夏玉米拔节遇旱及时浇水,促进夏玉米正常生长发育,抽雄开花结合施肥必须浇一水,灌浆期浇2水,使土壤水分保持在田间持水量的70~80%。(3)遇涝及时排水。玉米生育后期,根系活力逐渐减弱,遇涝会严重影响玉米生育,为此应及时排水防涝。(4)治虫。主要是防治玉米螟,用50%甲胺磷或50%辛硫磷1公斤加水10公斤,用过筛的炉灰制成颗粒剂,于玉米大喇叭口期撒入心叶防治。对玉米蚜虫、红蜘蛛、蓟马等其它病虫也要施用合适的药及时防治。

  9、人工辅助授粉。玉米在雄穗开花末期,雌穗吐丝后期对尚未受精的雌穗进行辅助授粉,选晴朗无风天气,上午9~10点露水干后进行,隔天一次,一般1~3次。一般可增产8~10%。方法:用长木杆或竹竿晃动玉米植株即可。

  10、去雄。去雄是一项简便易行的增产措施,一般增产10%左右,去雄适期应掌握雄穗刚抽出顶叶而未散粉为宜,采取隔行或隔株的办法拔除雄穗,去雄时要去弱去劣,选晴天10~15时进行,地边四周的2~3行不要去雄,以免影响授粉。

  11、适时收获。在玉米粒乳线消失期,籽粒底部出现黑层时,籽粒显示出品种固有的颜色和光泽时收获。

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