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涅盘
梵语nirva^n!a,巴利语nibba^na。又作泥洹、泥曰、涅盘那、涅隶盘那、抳缚南、匿缚喃。意译作灭、寂灭、灭度、寂、无生。与择灭、离系、解脱等词同义。或作般涅盘(般,为梵语pari 之音译,完全之义,意译作圆寂)、大般涅盘(大,即殊胜之意。又作大圆寂)。原来指吹灭,或表吹灭之状态;其后转指燃烧烦恼之火灭尽,完成悟智(即菩提)之境地。此乃超越生死(迷界)之悟界,亦为佛教终极之实践目的,故表佛教之特征而列为法印之一,称‘涅盘寂静’。佛教以外之教派虽亦有涅盘之说,然与佛教者迥异。佛教大乘、小乘对涅盘之解释,异说纷纭。总约之,可大别如下:
(一)据部派佛教,涅盘即灭却烦恼之状态。其中复有有余(依)涅盘与无余(依)涅盘之分,前者是虽断烦恼,然肉体(意即残余之依身,略称‘余依’或‘余’)残存之情形;后者是灰身灭智之状态,即指一切归于灭无之状况。有部等主张涅盘乃一存在之实体,经量部等视涅盘为烦恼灭尽的状态之假名,而其本身并无实体。
(二)中论等以实相为涅盘,实相又即为因缘所生法上之空性,故与生死世间无有区别。同时,南本涅盘经卷三指出涅盘具足如下八味,即常、恒、安、清净、不老、不死、无垢、快乐,称为涅盘八味。若以此配以涅盘四德,常、恒为常,安、快乐为乐,不老、不死为我,清净、无垢为净。唯识宗称涅盘有四种,即本来自性清净涅盘、有余依涅盘、无余依涅盘与无住处涅盘四种。其中之本来自性清净涅盘,略称本来清净涅盘、性净涅盘,谓一切事物之本来相即是真如寂灭之理体,乃指真如。无住处涅盘,即依于智慧,远离烦恼、所知二障,不滞生死之迷界,且因大悲救济众生,故在迷界中活动,又不滞于涅盘之境地。大乘佛教之涅盘教说即以此为特色。
此外,地论宗、摄论宗谓涅盘分为性净涅盘与方便净涅盘(藉修道去除烦恼而得之涅盘)二种。天台宗则分为性净涅盘、圆净涅盘(相当于地论宗等之方便净涅盘)与方便净涅盘(佛以救渡众生故,示现假身,缘尽而入涅盘。又作应化涅盘)等三涅盘。
(三)小乘之声闻、缘觉入无余涅盘,再回心转向大乘之教,称为无余还生。同时,涅盘乃超离一切差别相状者(有为之相),故又称离相。净土宗称弥陀净土为涅盘之城,亦称无为涅盘界。
(四)出现此世为人的佛(特指释尊),其肉体之死,称涅盘、般涅盘、大般涅盘。入涅盘又称入灭、薪尽火灭(薪喻佛身或机缘,火喻智慧或佛身)。涅盘原意指释尊之成道,但今大抵皆作无余依涅盘之意。刻绘释尊入灭姿态之画像或雕像,称为涅盘像。举行追慕释尊之法会,称涅盘会、涅盘忌、常乐会等。后世称僧侣之死为圆寂、归寂、示寂、入寂等。〔杂阿含经卷十八、北本涅盘经卷三十三、金光明最胜王经第一如来寿量品、大毗婆沙论卷二十八、卷三十三、卷三十四、俱舍论卷六〕
最著名的说法有凤凰涅盘一说,即凤凰死时会起火燃烧,而后会化为灰烬,并在灰烬中重生。
http://bk.baidu.com/view/189503.html
http://zhidao.baidu.com/q?word=%B4%F3%B0%E3%C4%F9%C5%CD&ct=17&pn=0&tn=ikaslist&rn=10
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