推荐回答(3个)
Manxu yinyue
满族音乐
music of Man nationality
满族分布在中国各地,其中以辽宁省为数最多,其次是吉林、黑龙江、河北、北京等地,人口 4299159人(1982年统计)。满语属阿尔泰语系满-通古斯语族满语支。有本民族文字,通用汉语汉文。满族人民原以狩猎为生,善于骑射,曾信奉萨满教。
满族音乐可分为民间歌曲、歌舞音乐、说唱音乐 3类。民间歌曲有山歌、劳动号子、小唱 3种。内容有情歌、劳动歌、婚礼歌、祝寿歌、摇篮歌等。演唱语言上有用满语、汉语和满汉语兼用的 3种。大都为独唱、齐唱或一领众和的形式。
民歌 如“巴音波罗”是满语丰收富余之意。内容为赞美山川秀丽、物产丰富,表达爱生活、爱家乡的情感。曲调高亢嘹亮,多为独唱。《靠山调》是一种牧童对口山歌,曲体由散板的引子和中段、结尾 3部份组成,具有热烈奔放和即兴演唱的特点。劳动号子《跑南海》,在清代咸丰年间图们江至海参崴沿海一带广为流传。它的结构简单,语言生动,富有劳动气息。如:[]
满族情歌有《青春歌》、《逃婚歌》、《接爱根》等;婚礼歌有《阿察布密》,以及有领有合的喜歌《拉空齐》等;举行葬礼时唱《解九连环歌》;为老人拜寿时唱《子孙万代歌》。这些多属于小唱一类。
歌舞音乐 满族传统歌舞主要有“莽式”和“萨满”歌舞。①莽式,又称“玛克沁”、“玛克式”,为舞蹈之意。每逢年节喜庆筵宴,主、客男女轮番起舞。一人领唱,众人以“空齐”2字帮腔。这种歌舞在清初进入宫廷,属宴乐之首,乾隆八年定名为《庆隆舞》。②“萨满”系北方游牧民族的一种原始宗教。萨满歌舞即烧香跳神歌舞,多在祭天、祭祖、还愿、庆丰收时举行。舞蹈者萨满(男巫)或乌答有(女巫)带腰铃,拿手鼓(又称抓鼓或单鼓)、铃、扎板等乐器,边击鼓,边唱边舞。这种歌舞有两种:一种是跳家神,即祭祀天地祖先,曲调多具朗诵性,节奏平稳,有独唱、齐唱等形式,舞蹈动作简单;一种是放山林百神,音乐类似戏曲音乐中的联曲体,有独唱、对唱、领唱及齐唱等多种形式。伴奏乐器主要是鼓。常用的鼓点有,“老三点”、“五点”、“七点”、“九点”、“十一点”、“碎点”,偶尔用“两点”和“四点”,并有加花奏法。萨满音乐以商调式和宫调式较为常见,其次是角调式。曲式结构有 4种:①上下句构成的单乐段;②开始时用引子,中段用上句长、下句短的单乐段,不断反复,结尾击鼓3下;③类似数板式的吟诵调;④近似回旋曲曲式。一般音域较窄,无大跳,三音列进行较多,常以四度音为轴,多在五度内活动。此外,还有儿童游戏歌舞及秧歌太平鼓等。
[萨满舞]
说唱音乐 满族人民善说书、讲故事。由满族八旗子弟始创的子弟书和八角鼓等,后来发展成为流行于北方的曲艺。①子弟书亦称清音子弟书,用鼓、三弦伴奏。多取材于明清小说戏曲和民间故事音乐源于“巫歌”、“俗曲”,并用启、承、转、合四句体乐段结构,曲调流畅。子弟书对京韵大鼓和东北大鼓的产生、发展有重要影响。②八角鼓说唱。是满族传统的曲艺形式,常见的有单唱、折唱、群唱(坐唱)3种伴奏乐器主要是八角鼓、三弦。音乐属曲牌联套体,它融汇了满汉民歌、说唱音乐、南北曲、地方戏曲曲牌等音乐,适合表现叙事性内容。流传在北方地区的单弦,即由八角鼓说唱发展而成。
乐器 满族特有的乐器多用于跳神活动,如单鼓、抬鼓、朗、响铃、腰铃、扎板、响刀等打击乐器。
中华人民共和国成立以后,满族专业音乐工作者积极从事满族民间音乐的挖掘、整理,并在此基础上创作加工了歌舞剧《蚕娘》、神话舞剧《珍珠湖》、器乐曲《跑火池》、歌曲《满族乡飞来吉祥的鹰》等。著名的满族音乐家有古琴家溥雪斋、作曲家雷振邦、傅庚辰、歌唱家徐桂珠、关牧村等。
舞蹈有腰铃舞,单鼓舞。
地方有新城戏,也叫满剧。流行在吉林农安和黑龙江阿城一带。
腰铃,单鼓,铜镜 我们都学过 八届桃李杯的《恩托阿都里》
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