如何计算"子网掩码"

1.子网掩码的概念

子网掩码是一个32位地址，用于屏蔽IP地址的一部分以区别网络标识和主机标识，并说明该IP地址是在局域网上，还是在远程网上。

2.确定子网掩码数

用于子网掩码的位数决定于可能的子网数目和每个子网的主机数目。在定义子网掩码前，必须弄清楚本来使用的子网数和主机数目。

定义子网掩码的步骤为：

A、确定哪些组地址归我们使用。比如我们申请到的网络号为 “210.73.a.b”，该网络地址为c类IP地址，网络标识为“210.73”，主机标识为“a.b”。

B、根据我们现在所需的子网数以及将来可能扩充到的子网数，用宿主机的一些位来定义子网掩码。比如我们现在需要12个子网，将来可能需要16个。用第三个字节的前四位确定子网掩码。前四位都置为“1”，即第三个字节为“11110000”，这个数我们暂且称作新的二进制子网掩码。

C、把对应初始网络的各个位都置为“1”，即前两个字节都置为“1”，第四个字节都置为“0”，则子网掩码的间断二进制形式为：“11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000”

D、把这个数转化为间断十进制形式为：“255.255.240.0”

这个数为该网络的子网掩码。

3.IP掩码的标注

A、无子网的标注法

对无子网的IP地址，可写成主机号为0的掩码。如IP地址210.73.140.5，掩码为255.255.255.0，也可以缺省掩码，只写IP地址。

B、有子网的标注法

有子网时，一定要二者配对出现。以C类地址为例。

1.IP地址中的前3个字节表示网络号，后一个字节既表明子网号，又说明主机号，还说明两个IP地址是否属于一个网段。如果属于同一网络区间，这两个地址间的信息交换就不通过路由器。如果不属同一网络区间，也就是子网号不同，两个地址的信息交换就要通过路由器进行。例如：对于IP地址为210.73.140.5的主机来说，其主机标识为00000101，对于IP地址为210.73.140.16的主机来说它的主机标识为00010000，以上两个主机标识的前面三位全是000，说明这两个IP地址在同一个网络区域中。

2.掩码的功用是说明有子网和有几个子网，但子网数只能表示为一个范围，不能确切讲具体几个子网，掩码不说明具体子网号，有子网的掩码格式(对C类地址):主机标识前几位为子网号，后面不写主机，全写0。

子网掩码 255。255。255。0
IP地址178.016.010.000
划分 218 个，子网掩码是255.255.255.0
每段子网的网络号是TO前IP的最后一位减1
每段子网的广播地址是TO后IP最后一位加1
1> 178.016.0.1 TO 178.016.0.254
2> 178.016.1.1 TO 178.016.1.254
3> 178.016.2.1 TO 178.016.2.254
4> 178.016.3.1 TO 178.016.3.254
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把十进制的ip和网关转成二进制，按位做逻辑与运算

子网掩码和你的ip以及其它内网ip进行或计算必须得到相同的结果。
也就是说，你的ip和内网ip可以不同的二进制位对应掩码的二进制位必须为0，其它为1。

IP和网关按位“与”运算