以杜甫《蜀相》为例,说明七言律诗的形式特点

2025-03-25 08:42:08
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

【原文】
《蜀相》
作者:杜甫
丞相祠堂何处寻,锦官城外柏森森。
映阶碧草自春色,隔叶黄鹂空好音。
三顾频烦天下计,两朝开济老臣心。
出师未捷身先死,长使英雄泪满襟。

律诗由“起”、“颔”、“颈”、“结”四联组成。这首诗的“起联”两句一问一答,貌似平常,实则不然。这里,诗人以近乎口语化的诗句点出了武侯祠堂的地理位置和古柏森森的自然环境,其间一个“寻”字妙笔天成,使得一问一答两相连属,恰如其分地道出了诗人急欲瞻仰武侯祠堂的情不可耐的心绪,这一方面暗示出杜甫与诸葛亮虽不同世却思想相通,另一方面也替后面的赞颂、痛惜之辞预为伏笔,使得全诗和谐统一,首尾相衔。李重华《贞一斋诗话》说:“作诗善用赋笔,惟杜老为然。其间微婉顿挫,总非平直。”杜甫的这首《蜀相》的开头,可以说是比较典型地体现了诗人善用赋笔而又切忌平直的特点。更多唐诗欣赏敬请关注“习古堂国学网”的唐诗三百首栏目。
如果说,“起联”两句还是从总领通篇的角度由全貌着笔作概括叙写的话,那么,“颔联”两句则进而把“镜头”转向武侯祠庙周围景物的细部。“映阶碧草”、“隔叶黄鹏”仿佛是两个特写镜头,一在渲染“春色”之怡目,一在强调“好音”之悦耳。然而,诗人用了一个“自”字,一个“空”字,含蓄地表达了他对这些景物的与众不同的特殊感受——盎然春意固然是美好诱人的,可是,丞相祠庙却是如此寂寥冷清,悄然而无人迹,只有诗人形只影单而来,孤寂伤怀而返。难道说,武侯已经被世人遗忘了吗?不难看出,在“颔联”两句里,诗人句句写景,却字字含情,诗行中寓静于动,寄情于景,婉转地流露出因国家分裂而悲怆伤怀以及亟盼早日平叛实现统一的情绪。真可谓“情融乎内而深且长,景耀于外而远且大”(谢榛《四溟诗话》)。
“颈联”两句,诗人笔锋一转,胸臆直泄,以高度凝炼、警策的语言概括了诸葛亮一生的生活际遇、政治理想和辅国功业。诸葛亮隐居隆中(今湖北襄樊城西)时,刘备三顾茅庐,于公元207年,同他商讨天下大计。出山后,诸葛亮先是辅佐刘备开创基业;刘备死后,他又匡济危难,扶佐后主刘禅。这就是所谓“两朝开济”。诸葛亮可以说是殚精竭虑,忠贞不渝,尽了“老臣”之心。当然,艺术的概括是不能同科学的、历史的评价相提并论的。但是,透过诗人的饱含深情的诗句,读者不仅可以了解诸葛亮这位“效忠贞之节,继之以死”的丞相的一生的事业,以及他对后人的感召力量,而且能够感知诗人对他的钦羡仰慕之情。这一联与前一联一样,属对工致,沉郁顿挫。遣辞虽不藻丽,却行文壮阔,潇洒飘逸,可与诗人另一首写诸葛亮的诗《八阵图》中的“功盖三分国,名成八阵图”二句联璧生辉。
假若诗意仅此而已,或许还难以收到激动人心的艺术效果和取得经久不衰的艺术魅力。前人说,“诗贵有眼”。“结联”两句是全诗的点睛之笔,可谓《蜀相》的“诗眼”。“出师未捷身先死,长使英雄泪满襟”,这已经超出一般的凭吊和拜谒之辞。据《三国志·诸葛亮传》载:诸葛亮于建兴十二年(234年)春,出兵伐魏,在渭水南五丈原(今陕西郿县西南)与魏军相持百余日后,于当年八月在军中抱憾病逝。武侯壮志未酬而身先亡,诗人饱经丧乱而屡失意,经历虽各有不同,可是就未能实现自己的抱负这一点来说,他们个人的命运是颇有相似之处的。正因为如此。诗人落笔沉挚,力透纸背,写得苍凉悲壮,催人下泪。可见,千百年来,人们习惯于用这警句一般的诗行对赍志而殁的仁人志士寄予痛惜与同情是不无道理的。《蜀相》是杜甫的名篇之一,对于壮志未酬者,它既是颂辞,又是挽歌。唐代诗人刘禹锡说:“片言可以明百意,坐驰可以役万里,工于诗者能之。”《蜀相》一诗囊括历史,融汇古今,语言凝炼而内涵丰富。如果把刘禹锡的话用来评《蜀相》,杜甫是当之无愧的。

回答2:

建议去看王力的诗词格律

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