推荐回答(1个)
万里长城是中华民族的象征,中国人的骄傲。如将各朝代所修长城加起来总长有10万余里(现在保留下来的只有明代修筑的长城,总长12700余里),它是世界上规模最大的军事防御工程。被列为古代世界七大建筑奇迹之一。
中国长城以其历史悠久,长度惊人,工程浩大和建筑高超四大特点而名闻中外,成为举世著称的旅游胜地之一。不到长城非好汉,许多访华来京的外国元首、高级官员,以及其他无数中外旅行者几乎都要亲临长城游览一番,以便饱览万里长城的宏伟雄姿。据美国登月宇航员报告,他们在月球上凭肉眼遥望地球,只能看到中国的万里长城和荷兰的围海大堤,(已证实此消息不实)可见长城不愧为天下古今奇观啊!
远在公元前十一世纪,我国西周就有“城彼朔方”的记载。公元前七到三世纪的春秋战国时期,各诸侯国互相吞并,形成群雄并立不断混战的局面,他们在自己的边境,先后筑起长城以自卫。如楚率先在南阳地区筑方城数百里;齐则在山东从平阴到东海边琅琊台筑长城,又沿黄河故道筑堤为城;中山、魏、韩、燕、赵、秦等国,各修筑长城数百里至数千里。当时长城总长已上万里,不过是分散各自独立而已。
公元前221年,秦始皇统一六国后,一方面拆毁诸国间的长城,另一方面为防北边匈奴,又调动军民上百万人,命大将蒙恬督筑长城,西起洮河沿黄河向东,再按原秦、赵、燕长城走向一直到辽东,绵亘万余里,成为我国最早的万里长城。
西汉时,北部的匈奴族更强盛,屡向南犯,汉朝除采取通好、和亲及出击等手段外,并着手大规模兴筑长城以固边陲。除修缮秦长城外,西面更增筑河西、玉门关、居延泽等长城。北出雁门,五原阴山,东循燕秦长城,从辽东到最西的玉门关,长达两万余里。并列亭西至楼兰,北至胪朐(乌兰巴托东北地区),规模远逾秦代。东汉初北防鲜卑、西防羌戎,又在西汉长城以内,大兴障塞堠坞,总长也达万里以上。两汉时期一北一南所筑长城,是历代规模最大的。
此后,北方各族逐渐进入华北、关中,直至中原,建立起北朝政权,形成南北朝对峙的局面。北朝的北魏、东魏、北齐、北周先后在黄河套以北东至辽西地区,修筑了多重的长城,纵横交错,总长也上万里。隋统一全国后,在黄河中上游由云中经五原、榆林、宁夏至陇西,筑长城四五千里,与北朝在东部的长城正好构成又一体系。
唐代国势强盛,长城以北以西的各部族都归附通好,因此未筑长城,仅在阴山内建“受降城”三座,东西互距四百里,并连以城障;在甘肃西部复筑瓜州故城。这时,东部的高丽为了防唐,在我国东北由扶余、开原、新宾至朝鲜大同江口筑长城二千余里。
宋、辽、金时期,华北的燕云十六州尽归契丹、河西已属西夏、北宋只修治了雁门险阻。以后辽金相继强盛,深入淮汉、以至江北,造成南宋偏安局面,再无力去修筑长城。北方辽金政权却因与蒙古和其他各族间的斗争与矛盾,在今东北内蒙等地兴筑濠堑长城,总长也上万里,称明昌长城,俗称成吉思汗边墙。
明朝建立后,为防范元朝复辟及达旦、瓦刺、女真、吐蕃等族骚扰,在北方不断修筑长城,并且为抗击外国入侵,在东南沿海要地也零星筑了一些长城。明长城之多,是历代之最。主要长城从鸭绿江边的九连城到甘肃的嘉峪关,全长一万五千余里。在北京和山西偏关间,分成南北两道长城。在许多地段上长城除主城墙大边外,还有二边、三边、外边、内边、护边等多道的城墙,如雁门关外有大石墙三道、小石墙二十三道。其中从山海关到嘉峪关间的一万二千七百里的主长城保存较完善,特别是山海关到北京周围,经戚继光重新督筑过的长城最为壮观。
清初,在辽宁、吉林间筑了有名的盛京边墙(柳条边),新旧边墙总长2600余里。对古长城也局部修缮了山海、居庸、雁门、嘉峪等关隘和长城的某些段落。中期以后就未再修缮了。
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