食品超高压技术的加工原理

2025-04-02 01:39:14
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

﹙一﹚、高压杀菌釜与高压杀菌:
在加热杀菌中,有将高压杀菌釜杀菌食品称之为高压杀菌食品,实为误称。因为加热介质的较高温度与其体系较高压力密不可分,在加热杀菌中,只要体系压力在常规范围内,其杀菌机制实为“热致”而非“压致”。高压杀菌食品是先将食品原料充填到塑料等柔软的容器中,密封后再投入到高压装置中加压处理,在常温或较低温度下达到杀菌效果。
﹙二﹚、食品加压处理的可行性:
食品物系是多成分的分散系,以水或油作为分散介质,它在物系中是连通的,故称为连续相。根据帕斯卡原理,压力在这些连续相内部的传递是均衡的、瞬时的。水等液体既是分散介质,又是压力的均衡传递介质。
食品加压处理的可行性,其关键在于采用如水之类液体作为传递压力的介质。如果水一旦变成了冰,它便失去了创造体系内部各点压力均衡的条件。在常温下,若给水施加高于1000MPa的压力,其状态便成为固态(VI状态的冰)。这一压力便是实施高压处理的压力上限。
﹙三﹚、蛋白质压力变性的原因:
迄今为止还没有关于高压对蛋白质一级结构影响的报道。二级结构是由肽链内和肽链间的氢键维持,一般高压有利于这一结构的稳定。三级结构是由于二级结构间相互作用而包接在一起形成球形,高压对三级结构有较大的影响。一些三级结构的球状蛋白体结合在一起形成四级结构,这一结构靠非共价键间的相互作用来维持,对压力非常敏感。蛋白质的高压变性起因于加压后溶液体积减少。高压下水和蛋白质等的结构都发生变化,水溶液整体体积减小。
﹙1﹚、高压对液体的压缩作用,影响微生物原有的生理活动机能,甚至使原有功能破坏或发生不可逆变化。
① 水在高压下体积只被压缩14%,随之而发生的热量也很少。
②蛋白质、淀粉原来的构造破坏、发生变性,酶失去机能,细菌也被杀死。
③食品中氨基酸、维生素、香气成分在高压下不发生变化。
﹙2﹚、高压可以引起细胞形状、细胞膜及细胞壁的结构和功能都发生了变化。
①当压力增加到405MPa时,酿酒酵母的细胞核结构和细胞质中的细胞器基本上已经变形;
②在506MPa下细胞核不能够再被识别;
③当压力得到405MPa时,核内物质从细胞中丢失;而当压力超过405MPa时;核内物质几乎完全丢失。

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