推荐回答(2个)
唐诗和宋诗,不仅是两个朝代诗歌的总名,而且代表了我国诗歌史上两种诗法和诗歌。
它们不同之处在于:唐诗主言情,即使说理,也多以抒情方式出之;宋诗喜说理,崇尚
议论。
唐诗多含蓄;
宋诗多直露,
言尽意亦尽。
唐诗多注重生活感受的直接描写和抒发;
宋诗的优秀之作也来自生活,但往往先从理性上把握,然后再选择恰当的形式。所以宋
诗即令句句生动具体,总是有某种逻辑思维的潜流贯穿其中,不像唐诗的意境大都以直
观形式表现出来。总之,唐诗总用感性形象来把握现实,宋诗则多借助理性思维来解剖
现实;唐诗诗味较浓,宋诗诗味较淡,但却以思想的细致深刻、技巧语言的精益求精弥
补之。由于这些原因,宋诗比唐诗好学。唐诗靠灵感,宋诗靠才学;才学可以通过努力
获得,
灵感却不能勉强。
唐诗靠感性,
宋诗靠理性;
理性可以深思熟虑获得,
而感性
(形
象思维)却比较难于捕捉。而且,清代学宋者并不排斥唐诗,往往还由宋窥唐,故用力
较易,又不致造成粗犷肤廓之弊。因此,宗宋往往比宗唐获得的成就要大。
唐诗和宋诗的区别是:唐诗“主情”与宋诗“说理”。
不同的时代形成了不同的人,更创造了不同的诗。,“君不见黄河之水天上来,奔流到海不复回”激情飞扬的是唐;“人生到处知何似,应似飞鸿落雪泥”平淡瘦劲的是宋。不同的气象,映出不同的时代唐诗是诗人之诗,宋诗是学者之诗。这就是说,唐诗重在描绘形象、意象,通过形象、意象的描绘来表现情感思想,与此特点相联系,唐诗意境鲜明、情寓于象,语言简洁,表现含蓄而耐人寻味。例如李白《望庐山瀑布》:“日照香炉生紫烟,遥看瀑布挂前川。飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。”描写的是瀑布本身的形象,为人们展示了瀑布的具体情形,从中透露出对庐山瀑布的喜爱之情。宋诗则侧重于直接表现情感、思想,“象”的描绘是次要的。因此,宋诗往往多议论,语言也不像唐诗那样简洁凝炼,表现也不太含蓄。
当然,这并不意味着唐诗“主情”与宋诗“说理”间绝然的差别,唐宋诗本一脉相承。在诗歌中发议论始自唐代杜甫、韩愈;而好的宋诗,更是将理趣以生动形象的意象作情趣表达。宋人的可贵,正在于有因有革,这才创造出双峰对峙的局面。王维的《酬张少府》“晚年惟好静,万事不关心。自顾无长策,空知返旧林。松风吹解带,山月照弹琴。君问穷通理,渔歌入浦深。”诗人只是叙事写景,松风山月、解带弹琴,均可资以悟道。最后以不答作答,耐人寻味。理寓于景,意在言外,这是唐诗说理的特色。宋诗说理的特色,则可以照看黄庭坚的《次韵答斌老病起独游乐园二首》(之一):“万事同一机,多虑即禅病。排闷有新诗,忘蹄出兔径。莲花出淤泥,可见嗔喜性。小立近幽香,心与晚色静。”相对上一首而言,二诗其实含义相同,但黄诗在写法上较为曲折,说理更加透辟;只不过言尽句中,论到含蓄则有所不如了。在说理诗上唐、宋诗各有各的特色,写景诗亦然。唐代岑参的《白雪歌送武判官归》:北风卷地白草折,胡天八月即飞雪;忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开;散入珠帘湿罗幕,狐裘不暖锦衾薄;将军角弓不得控,都护铁衣冷难著;瀚海阑干百丈冰,愁云惨淡万里凝;中军置洒饮归客,胡琴琵琶与羌笛;纷纷暮雪下辕门,风掣红旗冻不翻;轮台东门送君去,去时雪满天山路;山回路转不见君,雪上空留马行处。此诗虽繁音促节,极尽描摹之能事,然尔款款道来,数次变换韵脚以作停顿,步骤合拍。 宋诗中例苏轼的《百步洪》(长洪斗落生跳波),效仿韩愈《送石处士序》中的比喻手法,一气呵成,使人应接不暇;且中间不换韵脚,大有直下之势。诗的优美与文的流畅兼有,写作技巧可说比岑诗有进步,但不免失之急迫,没有唐诗的雍容之态。
唐代是诗发展的黄金时段,唐诗不仅数量上胜过宋诗,在素材上也多于宋诗,但能否可以说唐诗就胜于宋诗呢?答案是否定的,两者各具特色。唐诗以韵胜,故浑雅,而贵蕴藉空灵;宋诗以意胜,故精能,而贵深折透辟。唐诗之美在情词,故丰腴;宋诗之美,在气骨,故瘦劲。唐诗如芍药海棠,秾华繁采;宋诗如寒梅秋菊,幽韵冷香。唐诗如啖荔枝,一颗入口,则甘芳盈颊;宋诗如食橄榄,初觉生涩,而回味隽永。譬如修园林,唐诗则如叠石凿池,筑亭辟馆;宋诗如亭馆之中,饰以绮疏雕栏,水石之侧,指亦名卉奇葩。譬诸游山水,唐诗则如高峰远望,意气浩然;宋诗则如曲涧寻幽,情境冷峭。唐诗之弊为肤廓平滑,宋诗之弊为生涩枯淡。虽唐诗之中,亦有下开宋派者;宋诗之中,亦有酷肖唐人者;然论其大较,固如此矣。
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