推荐回答(2个)
宗舜法师:佛教法名(也叫法号)详解
提问:法名是怎么起的?
宗舜法师:每个师父的想法和规矩不同。出家人的法名有“法派”和“剃派”两个传承。法派现在较多的是禅宗和天台宗宗派传承,每一代都有一个专用字,代表辈分。比如我受法的曹洞宗鼓山法系,传到我是四十九代“腾”字辈,上一辈净慧长老是第四十八代“复”字辈,再上是虚云老和尚第四十六代“古”字辈。“耀古复腾今”就是法派传承谱系。还有依据剃度派系传承的,比如“宗舜”的“宗”,是四川清定上师传的天台宗派系,“智宗庆祖”,我的剃度恩师智敏上师是“智”字辈,我是“宗”字辈,我的徒弟就是“庆”字辈,徒孙就是“祖”字辈。
不过,为居士起名则情况不同。一般依据法派传承或者剃派传承的字派某字,再加上俗名中的某字组合起名,方便记忆也减轻工作量。也有大德起法名对弟子予以勉励、寄托期望、给予加持等,不再用字派,而是分别起不同的名字,或者都叫某一个名字,种种不同。这样都是可以的。民国间印光大师为人起法名就不根据字派,而寄托他老人家的勉励之情。
问:那法名不也代表着辈分吗?我皈依早,后入师门的都是我的师弟师侄了哇。
宗舜法师:所谓僧俗有别。现在好多居士喜欢叫出家师父师兄师弟甚至师侄,是不合规矩的。在家居士对哪怕是刚出家的沙弥,也要叫师父,这是尊重三宝。
问:我一般叫出家师父某某师,这样总可以吧?
宗舜法师:严格说来,这样也不可以。出家人一般有法名,比如宗舜,是法名,这个严格说只能由师长辈的人叫,他们可以直呼其名。同辈之间称呼则在后面加个师字。低一辈的要尊称某某法师、某某师父。这是最低限度。居士对出家人,最稳妥保险的称呼就是某某师父,某某法师,因为即使是受沙弥戒、沙弥尼戒的新出家众,也是弘法利生的师长。
问:法名和法号有区别吗?
宗舜法师:法名,也叫法号、法讳、戒名。前面解释过,是出家剃度或者受戒时候师长起的名号。另外,和法名对应起的,还有表字,即在本名外所取的与本名意义相关的另一名字。比如诸葛亮字孔明,岳飞字鹏举。这当然不是印度的习俗,而是中国的古礼。《礼记·檀弓上》:“幼名、冠字、五十以伯仲、死谥,周道也。”孔颖达疏:“人年二十,有为人父之道,朋友等类不可复呼其名,故冠而加字。”孔颖达解释男子幼年起名,弱冠之年(二十)加字,朋友不能直呼其名,要称呼他的表字。我的法名“宗舜”,师父起的表字为“化默”。也就是宗字辈表字用“化”某,我们下一辈庆字辈表字则是“亦”某。只因为宗舜大家熟了,也就随口这么叫。如果其他新受戒法师,应该还是告诉大家表字作为称呼更好。至于在家人,则不必取表字。
还有别号,是名和字之外的称谓,一般是自己取的。晋陶潜《五柳先生传》:“宅边有五柳树,因以为号焉。”所以陶渊明也称五柳先生。再如明代著名的莲池大师,俗姓沈,是杭州人,他的法名为袾宏,字佛慧,号莲池。莲池这个号是表达他对西方净土的向往和对念佛法门的信心。普通人也呼其别号表达敬意。我的“无尽灯楼”也是别号。在家人自己可以为自己取别号。
我看一些老居士问头一次见面的出家师父,说:“请问师父上下怎么称呼?”这个“上下”是什么意思?
宗舜法师:其实这句话意思就是问您的名字怎么称呼,《汉语大词典》解释“上下”说:旧时请问尊长名字,也称“上下”。犹言上一字,下一字。田汉京剧《白蛇传》第九场:“许:‘请问老师父上下?’法:‘老僧法海。’”今天寺院还会在大和尚或者尊长名字上加“上某下某”,问话答话加上下,都是表示尊敬的意思。如果后面有敬称,比如大和尚本身就是敬称,加固然好,不加上下也可以,以免说多了显得特别罗嗦。
法号,就是:法名!,由师傅按佛教,传承的辈份再赐,再取的一个名字!
比如,延达法师,即称,上延下达,法师!,,延是延字辈!,因为都是【释迦牟尼佛】佛陀的弟子,所以称:释延达!
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