盆地成矿流体类型划分

2025-03-29 02:10:56
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

前已述及,粤北海西-印支期盆地在其发生、发展和消亡过程中经历了多次构造-热事件,而构造-热事件是划分和确立盆地流体系统最重要的标志。此外,在盆地演化期间,形成的矿床矿物包裹体也记录着曾发生的成矿流体系统的某些信息。

粤北盆地在海西-印支期形成的层控矿床有大宝山式铜、铅、锌、铁矿床,凡口式铅、锌、黄铁矿矿床和红岩式黄铁矿矿床。由大宝山、凡口和红岩等矿床数十个矿物包裹体成分测定数据分析(表4-3;图4-12)可知:粤北盆地曾经历过4 种性质成矿流体的作用,它们可能分属于不同的流体系统。凡口铅锌矿床中块状中粗粒闪锌矿和方铅矿包裹体液相组分中阳离子以K为主,阴离子以Cl-为主,K/Na>1,且K/Na比值较稳定,不随F-/Cl-比值而变化,矿物包裹体水的氢氧同位素组成显示成矿流体由岩浆水和海水混合而成。凡口矿床中的细脉状方铅矿(-闪锌矿-方解石)包裹体液相组分以Na、Cl-为主,K/Na<1,F-/Cl-<1,且阳离子总量低,成分类似于浅部地下水,包裹体水的氢氧同位素组成也表明成矿流体源于大气降水。大宝山成矿流体以K、F-为主,K/Na>1,F-/Cl-≈1,流体可能主要来自岩浆挥发分。汤吉方等(1992)测得石英包裹体水的δ18O=1‰~7‰,δD=50‰~60‰,也表明成矿流体主要是岩浆水。红岩矿床成矿流体中Ca2+、Mg2+总量高,K、Na总量低,阴离子以Cl-为主,呈现建造水特征。

表4-3 四矿床包裹体特征对比表

图4-12 粤北盆地层控矿床成矿流体液相组分图解

1—大宝山层状铅锌铜矿体;2—红岩黄铁矿矿床;3—凡口矿床块状中粗粒铅锌矿石;4—凡口矿床细脉状铅锌矿石

以矿物包裹体成分特征和氢氧同位素研究为基础,结合粤北盆地在海西-印支期发生的3期构造-热事件,即①中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期快速拉张走滑和海底火山喷发;②早石炭世末期—中石炭世微型裂陷作用和基性岩浆侵入;③中三叠世—侏罗纪盆地萎缩消亡并褶皱造山,将粤北盆地成矿流体系统分为4种类型:

1)海底火山喷气系统 发生在大宝山一带,系统发生的时间为中-晚泥盆世早期。是由深部或岩浆的热能驱动的由岩浆气液、海水、大气降水等组成的混合流体系统。

2)海底热水循环系统 发生在凡口一带,系统发生的时间主要在早石炭世末期至中石炭世。是在该时期构造-热事件影响下的大规模中-低温热液系统。

3)压实流体系统 系统作用的范围几乎遍布整个盆地,即在盆地沉降期间,均有压实流体的活动。流体运动的驱动力是压实作用力,流体主要来源于因沉积物随埋深增大孔隙度衰减而被挤出的地层水或建造水。

4)重力流体系统 发生在盆地隆升接受大气水淋滤时期,主要是印支-燕山期。流体运动的驱动力是其自身的重力,流体主要来源于在重力作用下渗入地层或岩石的大气降水,流体作用的范围在补给区和排泄区之间。

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