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高效空气过滤器的检测按GB6165-85及其修订版GB12554-92执行。此标准规定效率检测方法为钠焰法和油雾法。一般通风用 空气过滤器的检测按GB12218-89及其修订后的GB14295-93执行,此标准规定效率检测方法为大气尘粒径分组计数法,空气过 滤器计数效率检测法将过滤器的测试方法与洁净室的检测方法统一起来,因此可根据洁净度要求正确地选择过滤器,这是一 种快速、简单、方便的过滤器检测方法。鉴于此,有人提出一套将高效空气过滤器检测系统与一般通风用空气过滤器检测系 统合二为一的过滤器性能检测系统,效率检测用计径计数法,经试验测试检测效率和检测结果均符合过滤器测试要求。同时
也有用于采用计数效率法检测过滤器检测的一般通风用空气过滤器的新型检。
影响高效空气过滤器性能的因素主要有:滤料性能、被过滤气流性质、气流速度和过滤器结构。归纳这些影响因素,并根据大量测量数据可得到理论上的空气过滤器效率、阻力计算公式。但实际测量值和理论计算值之间存在一定的误差,因此,有必要从实际检测结果来分析影响空气过滤器性能的主要因素。本文对高效空气过滤器检测系统的检测结果进行分析,得出影响其性能的主要因素。
空气过滤器检测方法的概况
空气过滤器检测系统分为高效空气过滤器系统和一般通风用空气过滤器2类。
1938年美国国家标准制定了针对中效空气过滤器的比色效率检测法,按尘源又分为人工尘比色效率法和大气尘比色效率法2种。1952年美国过滤器研究所制定的AFI人工尘计重法,主要用于粗效过滤器。ASHRAE52-76影响最大,20世纪80年代国内提出采用大气尘计径计数法作为一般通风用过滤器检测方法。
人工尘计重法是以人工尘为尘源,通过检测被测过滤器前后人工尘质量变化来确定过滤器的过滤效率;比色效率法是根据采样前后由于积尘使滤纸的光通量或色度发生变化,采用比色计来判别其差异,从而得出过滤器的效率;计径计数法是通过白炽光源或激光光源的粒子计数器测量被测过滤器前后各粒径档的累积粒子数目确定各粒径档的累积计数效率,此方法给出一条随粒径变化的过滤效率曲线,能够更全面地反映过滤器的性能。随着电子行业的发展,洁净级别要求越来越高,特别是1级洁净室的出现,相应地对检测技术和检测仪器提出了更高的要求。为适应这种要求,国外已研制出并开始生产测量0.1μm粒子的激光粒子计数器,最近又成功研制测量更小粒径0.01μm的粒子计数器。激光粒子计数器、凝聚核粒子计数器等新型测量仪器的出现和气溶胶技术的发展,为测量计径效率提供了必要的方法和手段。
过滤器检测标准发展如下:1956年美国军事委员会制定了高效空气过滤器检测标准USMIL-STD282,效率检测用DOP法1965年英国制定了英国标准BS3928,效率检测用钠焰法。1973年欧洲通风协会制定了Eurovent4/4标准,沿用了钠焰检测法。后来美国环境科学学会编制了一系列推荐检测方法的类似标准,均采用DOP计径计数法检测过滤器效率。欧洲在1999年制定了
BSEN1822标准,采用最易透过粒径(MPPS)检测过滤效率。我国检测标准采用钠焰法,是根据钠原子被氢气火焰激发后发出波长为589nm的特征光,光的强度与气溶胶质量浓度成比例的原理,通过检测被测过滤器前后光强度的比值来计算过滤效率。
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