推荐回答(5个)
智力低下,或智力发育迟缓(MR),也称精神发育迟滞,是小儿时期常见的一种发育障碍。智力低下主要表现在社会适应能力、学习能力和生活自理能力低下,其语言、注意、记忆、理解、洞察、抽象、思维、想象等心理活动能力都明显落后于同龄儿童。智力低下的总患病率约为1%-2%。智力低下的诊断是根据心理测验和适应能力评定。
智力低下的症状:
1、面容、体态异常:有些先天性智力低下的孩子在面容体态上就有异常表现。
2、运动发育迟缓:智力低下的孩子比正常孩子明显运动发育迟缓。俯卧抬头、坐、站、走等动作的起始年龄都比正常同龄儿要晚
3、语言发育落后:正常孩子在7-8个月时就会模仿声音,一岁左右会叫爸爸妈妈,一岁半会说30来个字,能听懂简单的指令,2岁左右会问简单问题,2.5周岁左右能基本表达自己的思想.凡是落后四五个月甚至落后l-2年才有这些表现,都应看作是智力落后的信号.
4、多动:和过于安静的孩子相反,多动也是某些智力落后孩子的一个特点
5、注意力不集中:智力落后孩子的注意力很不集中。他们比正常孩子注意力集中时间明显缩短.
6、视力和听力缺陷:严重视听缺陷,如深度近视、远视、散光、全聋、弱听等,对智力也有很大影响。
7、尿味异常:有些智力落后孩子的尿有特殊气味.
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智力低下的患儿根据年龄不同,会表现出不一样的症状。如果是因先天性遗传因素导致的智力低下,一般在出生后可见面部成先天愚型,眼裂宽,舌体肥厚,并逐渐出现反应迟钝,行动迟缓。如果是产时受到缺氧,脑部损伤和出生后发生脑炎、高热等疾病的智力低下者,一般会在上学后表现为认知能力差,不能和其他小朋友沟通,对外界刺激反应慢,语言表达能力差等。还有,一岁以下的患儿存在智力低下症状,多表现为器官、智商发育不完善,对外界反应能力较差。例如,患儿会出现肢体运动幅度小;竖头、翻身、爬行、坐立时间较正常儿童更晚;对外界反应能力差;目光呆滞,流口水等症状。学龄前儿童会表现为语言能力差、内向不爱说话、平衡能力丧失、运动能力较低。学龄期儿童会表现为学习能力下降、理解能力下降、自卑内向、孤僻等症状。
智力低下的孩子一般有这些表现:1.感知速度减慢,接受视觉通路的刺激比听觉刺激容易些;2.注意力严重分散,注意广度非常狭窄;3.记忆力差,经无数次重复方能学会一些知识,若不重复学习,又会忘得一干二净;4.言语能力差,只能讲简单的词句;5.思维能力低,缺乏抽象思考能力、想像力和概括力,更不能举一反三;6.基本无数字概念,靠机械记忆能学会简单的加减计算;7.情绪不稳,自控力差;8.意志薄弱,缺乏自信;9.交往能力差,难以学会人际间交往。
面部表情木讷,神情呆滞,动作不协调,说话没有调理,口齿不清等
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小儿智力低下分轻重,比较严重的会目光呆滞、反应迟钝说话没有逻辑;轻度智力低下孩子会不太活跃、做事慢吞吞、缺乏主动性、效率低等,这种情况要及早发现并做康复治疗。
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