哈勃能看到几亿光年外,为什么不知道附近有没有外星生命?
推荐回答(5个)
这个问题涉及到光学系统的极限角分辨。我们用肉眼可以看到离地球两百多万光年的星系,但却无法看到离我们只有一公里的蚂蚁,也看不到离我们只有几千光年的系外行星,更看不到系外行星上是否有生命。
一个天文望远镜能看到多远之外的物体,不但与物体的距离有关,也与其大小有关。虽然有些物体离得很远,但只要它们的尺寸足够大,望远镜就能观测到。虽然有些物体离得很近,但它们的尺寸太小,所以望远镜就无法分辨出来。为了衡量一个物体看起来有多大,需要引入视直径或者分辨角Δφ的概念,如下图所示:
根据三角函数,可以得到如下的关系式:
综合了距离和实际大小的因素,分辨角可以衡量一个物体看起的大小。对于任何的光学系统,例如,天文望远镜、眼睛,都有一个最小分辨角。一旦观测对象的分辨角小于这个极限,光学系统将无法分辨出细节,观测对象看起来将只是像素点。根据瑞利判据,光学系统的极限分辨角取决于口径:

哈勃太空望远镜是一架光学望远镜,在550纳米波段最为敏感,主镜口径为2.4米,所以哈勃能够分辨出最小的角度为1.6×10^-5度,而人眼的极限一般为1角分(即1/60度)。
虽然有些遥远的星系位于几亿光年甚至上百亿光年之外,但它们的尺寸可达几万至几十万光年,所以它们的视直径在哈勃的极限分辨角之上,哈勃完全有能力分辨出来。只是由于距离遥远,遥远星系发出的光到达地球时已经变得非常暗淡,哈勃需要对它们进行长时间曝光才能看到它们。

另一方面,虽然系外行星离地球并不远,最近的比邻星b距离我们仅4.2光年,但由于行星太小了,它们的视直径远小于哈勃的极限分辨角,所以它们的细节无法被看到。结合上述两个公式,通过计算可知,想要分辨出大小可能与地球差不多的比邻星b,所需的望远镜口径将要高达36.5米,远超哈勃的口径,只有未来口径达到39.3米的欧洲极大望远镜才有能力看到。不过,还是因为系外行星的视直径太小了,不能指望望远镜可以像看到太阳系中的行星那样来看到系外行星。

如果系外行星上存在生命,由于外星生命的尺寸远小于行星,所以通过光学望远镜更加无法观测到,即便是欧洲极大望远镜也是无能为力。除非那些星球上生活着先进的外星文明,他们会向外发射出能量足够高的无线电波,那么,人类利用射电望远镜将有可能探测到外星文明的存在
那是120亿年前发出的光,所以人类根据看到的光线所了解到是远方宇宙120亿年前的形态
一个是非常微弱的,遇到彗星、小行星、宇宙尘埃等的阻碍,遇到身边的黑洞,另一个是宇宙本身的膨胀,一个是宇宙本身的膨胀,导致光线的波长逐渐被拉长,直到这个波动被拉的太长,以至于很难以光线的形式被发现——我们可以从我们的角度认为光线被削弱了。
光是一定频率的电磁波,在长途跋涉后它的频率会减弱,即老化现象,但这种频率在很长一段时间后才会减少一点。不过,还有一种情况,就是光在传播过程中如果经过黑洞的话,它就会因为黑洞强大的引力而被吸入,自然就消失了。不明白的可以再问我。
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