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全长六千多公里
长城横亘中国北方辽阔的土地上,宛如一条巨龙盘旋于起伏的群山之巅,气势磅礴,壮严雄伟。万里长城是人类建筑史上罕见的古代军事防御工程,是中华民族的象征,它凝聚着我们祖先的血汗和智慧。它以悠久的历史,浩大的工程,雄伟的气魄著称于世。它早就和埃及的金字塔,印度的泰姬·玛哈尔陵,伊斯坦布尔的圣·索非亚教堂等一起被誉为世界的奇迹。今天,它已被联合国教科文组织列入“世界遗产名录”,作为世界人类文化遗产的重点而加以保护。
长城始建于春秋战国时期,历时达2000多年,总长度达5千万米以上。我们今天所指的万里长城多指明代修建的长城,它西起甘肃的嘉峪关,东到辽宁的鸭绿江边,长635万米。它像一条矫健的巨龙,越群山,经绝壁,穿草原,跨沙漠,起伏在从山峻岭之巅,黄彼岸和渤海之滨。古今中外,凡到过长城的人无不惊叹它的磅礴气势,宏伟规模和艰巨工程。长城是一座稀世珍宝和艺术非凡的文物古迹,它象征着中华民族坚不可摧永存于世的意志和力量,是中华民族的骄傲,是整个人类的骄傲。
长城东起自河北东北部渤海之滨的山海关,穿过祟山峻岭、千涧万谷,横过河北、山西、绥远、陕西、宁夏、甘肃等省区,西迄甘肃的嘉峪关,全长六千多公里,合一万二千余华里,因此称为万里长城。始建于公元前五世纪春秋代,公元前三世纪秦始皇统一中国,派遣蒙恬率领三十万大军北逐匈奴后,把原来分段修筑的长城连接起来,并且继续修建。其后历代不断维修扩建,到公元十七世纪中叶明代未年,前后修筑了二千多年。战国时明灭元后,为了防止蒙古人卷土重来,从建朝第一年起,花了一百多年时间才基本上完成修筑长城工程。明代修筑长城就技术比从前大有改进,明代以前多用土夯建筑或石砌,到明代则主要用砖石砌筑,并采用石灰砌缝等,因此城墙较为坚固。明代的长城,东起鸭绿江,西达祁沙山,其中山海关至鸭绿江一段约长二千公里,是用土石叠成,上插柳条,又叫「柳条边」墙,因工程简单,现已乎全部毁坏。但从山海关到嘉峪关一段,至今大部分仍然保存下来,尢以山海关到居庸关一段修筑得最坚固。
长城是为防御北方异族侵扰而建的工事,在明代一般来说有镇城、路城、衙城、关血、堡城、城墙、敌六、烟墩等不同等级、不同形式和不同用途的建筑。彼此配合,组成一个有效的防御工事系统。
城墙依地势修筑,高低宽窄各外不尽相同,在特别险要的地方还筑了关城,修建双重或多重的城墙,层层设防。若以山西为界,长城可分东西两大段。内段城墙全用土筑成,墙面不砌砖,墙身比较矮小,东段墙心用土,墙面用砖或条石砌筑,墙身比较高大。墙身内部相隔不远有一券门,内有石梯通到城上。城墙顶部用三、四层砖铺砌而成,墙顶靠内一面有砖砌宇墙,靠外的一侧有用砖砌成的垛口。每个垛口上部有一个小洞,为辽望口,用来观察敌情。垛口下面有一个小孔,为射洞,用来射杀敌兵。城墙上每隔一段距离还有一个凸起的城台。一种叫墙台,与城墙相平,凸出于墙外,外缘也有垛口,台上有遮风避雨的铺房,是守城戍卒巡逻放哨的地方;一种叫敌台,分上下两层,下层有十余间砖砌券室,可容十余人住宿,上层有垛口,部分还有燃放烟火的设备;另有一种叫战台,设在险要之地,储存大量弓箭兵器。长城沿线设有许多供传递军情用的烽火台,又称狼烟台或烟墩,一般建在较高的山顶上,有的设在长城外面,是前哨信号,有的设在长城内侧。夜间发现敌情,以火光为号叫「烽」;白天发现敌情,则烧冒烟的柴草或狼粪,称为「燧」,合称烽燧。
自清代起,长城逐渐失去防御工事的作用。由于长年饱受风雨侵袭以及人为破坏,部分城墙已毁坏,但其中几段保存得很好,是当今世界上的游览胜地。所有到北京去的人都以游览万里长城为快,“不到长城非好汉”已经成了中外游人的一句豪言壮语。
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