请问移调乐器为啥跟管弦乐队别的乐器记谱不一样 怎么看移调乐器的谱?

2025-02-28 00:19:34
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

移调乐器的记谱和读谱方法
管弦乐谱表上,乐器必须按照声部进行归类。最常见的做法是把相同音色的乐器归为同一声部,通常声部的排列顺序依次是木管、铜管、打击乐、色彩性乐器和弦乐。如果乐队中有合唱,那么合唱谱位于中提琴声部和大提琴声部之间,这一点很没有道理。在铜管乐队的谱表上,声部的归类就非常混乱了,没有规律可寻。
对于谱号的使用,规定是这样的:
(1) 移调乐器使用高音谱号,低音乐器可以高移八度以上,记在高音谱号上;
(2) 非移调乐器中,高音和中音乐器使用高音谱号,低音乐器使用次中音谱号和低音谱号,倍低音乐器高移八度记在低音谱表上;
(3) 全音域乐使用高音谱号和低音谱号;
(4) 记谱音需要低移八度的有:短笛、木琴、钟琴和钢片琴;
例外的情况有:
(1) 中提琴使用中音谱号,只有在高音区才使用高音谱号;
(2) 圆号在低音区使用低音谱号,记谱音比实际音低四度(高音谱号则是高五度);
(3) 大号按实音记谱,通常和长号写在同一张谱表上;
(4) 吉他和男高音使用高音谱号,记谱音比实际音高八度。
移调乐器对于调号的使用有如下规定:
(1) 移调木管乐器的调号参照非移调乐器的调号,F调调乐器的调号多一个升号(或少一个降号),bB调乐器的调号多两个升号(或少两个降号);
(2) 当非移调乐器调号达到6个或7个升号(分别是#F调和#C调)时,移调乐器首先应采用6个或5个降号(分别是bG调和bD调)的等价调号作等音记谱,然后根据第一条规则改变调号;
(3) 铜管乐器不用调号而采用临时升降记号。
总的来说,由于历史遗留下来的原因,管弦乐谱表上的记谱方式是非常混乱的。因为每种乐器都有各自的记谱习惯,为了让总谱与分谱一致,总谱不得不采用这种混乱的记谱方式。
对于指挥来说,适应总谱的记谱方式是不成问题的,但是要在钢琴上弹奏则非常麻烦,因为总谱上除了有中音谱表和次中音谱表以外,还有移调的谱表。指挥必须学会弹奏带中音谱号和次中音谱号的乐谱,除此之外,还应该学会低移五度(即F调)和低移大二度(即bB调)来弹奏高音谱号的乐谱。
早期的乐谱中使用的移调乐器是五花八门的,弹奏这些乐谱可以采用借用谱号的办法(见表8-3),只要适当改变谱号和调号,音符在五线谱上的位置就不必移动,前提是指挥必须熟悉表8-4列出的每一种谱号。
乐器的调性 bE bB F C G D A
原谱调号 4b ~ 7# 5b ~ 7# 6b ~ 7# 7b ~ 7# 7b ~ 6# 7b ~ 5# 7b ~ 4#
借用调号 7b ~ 4# 7b ~ 5# 7b ~ 6# 7b ~ 7# 6b ~ 7# 5b ~ 7# 4b ~ 7#
借用谱号 低音 次中音 上中音 高音 上低音 中音 次高音
原谱调号 7b ~ 5b 7b ~ 6b 7b - 7# 6# ~ 7# 5# ~ 7#
借用调号 2# ~ 4# 3# ~ 4# 4# - 4b 4b ~ 3b 4b ~ 2b中音
借用谱号 次高音 低音 - 次高音 低音 次中音

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