pcr仪使用时，在设定反应程序时，一共分了多少个步骤
推荐回答（1个）
1．常规程序
将PCR反应所需的成分配置完后，在PCR仪上于94-96℃预加热几十秒至几分钟，使模板DNA充分变性，然后进入扩增循环。在每一个循环中，先于94℃保持30秒钟使模板变性，然后将温度降到复性温度（一般50-60℃之间），一般保持30秒钟，使引物与模板充分退火；在72℃保持1分钟（扩增1kb片段），使引物在模板上延伸，合成DNA，完成一个循环。重复这样的循环25～35次，使扩增的DNA片段大量累积。最后，在72℃保持3-7min，使产物延伸完整，4℃保存。
2．复性（退火）和延伸温度
复性的温度是PCR扩增是否顺利的关键因素，通常在50-60℃之间。具体的温度主要由引物的Tm值决定。延伸温度绝大多数设定为72℃。如果复性的温度很高，可以将延伸温度和复性温度设置成同一温度，变成二步法PCR。
3．反应时间
变性步骤一般使用30秒钟，如果模板的G+C含量较高，或直接用细胞做模板，变性时间可适当延长。复性时间有30秒种一般是足够的。延伸时间由扩增产物的大小决定，一般采用1kb用1分钟来保证充足的时间。
4．循环次数
循环次数主要与模板的起始数量有关，在模板拷贝数为104～105数量级时，循环数通常为25～35次。
平台效应（plateaueffect）：PCR扩增过程后期会出现的产物的积累按减弱的指数速率增长的现象。原因：底物和引物的浓度已经降低，dNTP和DNA聚合酶的稳定性或活性降低，产生的焦磷酸会出现末端产物抑制作用，非特异性产物或引物的二聚体出现非特异性竞争作用，扩增产物自身复性，高浓度扩增产物变性不彻底。
5．PCR反应液的配制
PCR反应体系的配置方式有时也会影响反应的正常进行。常规方法与其它酶学反应一样，在最后加入DNA聚合酶。早期的PCR仪没有带加热的盖子，要求在反应液上覆盖一层矿物油，防止水分蒸发。
对于使用具3’-5’外切活性的高温DNA聚合酶时，有时会扩增不出产物。在遇到这个问题时，如果将反应成分分开配制，A管含模板、引物和dNTP，以及调整体积的H2O，B管含缓冲液、DNA聚合酶和水，然后再将两管溶液混合起来，可较好地克服这个问题。
按照常规的方法配制反应体系，有时会出现非特异性扩增的问题。热启动（hotstart）PCR操作方式可较好解决这一问题。将dNTP、缓冲液，Mg2+和primer先配制好，然后加入一粒蜡珠（如AmpliWaxPCRQam100），加热熔化，再冷却，使蜡将溶液封住，最后加入模板和DNA聚合酶等剩余成分。只有当PCR反应进入高温阶段后，蜡层熔化，所有反应成分才会混合在一起。
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