推荐回答(3个)
1月1号新年
1月7号东正教的圣诞节
但最重要的还是他们的复活节
“太阳比星辰高出多少,复活节就比其他节日重要多少”,早在古时,俄罗斯的基督徒就对复活节极为推崇。复活节的隆重在于,它体现了东正教信仰的精髓,即颂扬耶稣。他能够将全人类的罪恶揽于己身,通过受难,指示通往上帝及永生之路。
经历了7周漫长斋戒后,教徒们迎来了神圣的复活节。斋戒又被称为“大斋”,因为它能够洗刷所犯下的所有罪恶,通过清心寡欲,来获得灵魂的升华。古时的编年史记载:“大斋的严苛日子来临。所有的欢宴都偃旗息鼓,一切歌声都暗淡下来,马匹上的响铃不再丁零作响,人们互泯恩愁,仁义好施……”从信仰东正教之日起到1917年十月革命,俄罗斯对复活节的推崇延续了935个年头。十月革命不仅推翻了沙皇统治,也颠覆了数个世纪以来的传统。苏联政权迫害教会:教堂关门、教徒被视为世俗新社会的弃儿。当然,庆祝复活节也是不和时宜的。但百姓并没有让民族传统湮灭。在家中,他们一样地染复活节彩蛋,烤圆柱形的复活节大面包,“互吻3次道祝福”。
苏联解体后,复活节在俄罗斯社会价值体系中的地位得到了恢复。如今,节日的庆祝活动公开而隆重。但要迎来复活节,需要度过7周禁欲的大斋。最后一周最为严苛,因为是纪念上帝受难。人们只能吃面包、盐、蔬菜和饮水。当然远非所有俄罗斯人都能严格恪守这些清规戒律。我们甚至无法统计,有多少公民遵守斋戒,毕竟是个人的事情,属于隐私。
无论是否举斋,俄罗斯的每户家庭都会准备丰盛的菜肴,迎接复活节的到来。复活节的象征之一便是鲜艳的彩蛋,他们被放置在特意栽培的嫩草(通常是小麦或是燕麦苗)上。另一不可或缺的点缀是为节日烤制的圆柱形面包,它用加牛奶、黄油和鸡蛋的面粉,佐以葡萄干、果脯等烤制,再抹上甜甜的鸡蛋糖衣,洒上各色谷粒。民间认为,成功的复活节面包应该是诱人而美味的,预示着全家一整年都会幸福美满。摆在面包旁边的是复活节的当家菜肴,名字也叫复活节,但烹饪方法却各有千秋。纤细的蜡烛在餐前点亮,摇曳的烛光映衬着面包、菜肴、还有可口的俄罗斯馅饼、肉馅和蘑菇馅的居多,当然,小长面包、奶渣饼、扁面包也是必不可少的。正式开斋是在早饭时。
做完复活节的通宵礼拜,人们从教堂返回家中。但大多数人都不去教堂,而是在家中观看电视转播。不管怎样,在“基督复活了!真的复活了!”的声音响起之前,是不能吃东西的。复活节的进餐也有一定的讲究。严格的说,面包与彩蛋必须到教堂去受洗。这通常是在过节前一天完成的。遗憾的是,许多人已经不遵守这样的规则。
人们通常是从复活节彩蛋吃起,先互相碰碰,看谁的更为坚硬,然后再吃掉。当然,茶是少不了的(俄罗斯喜欢红茶,尤其是热气腾腾的红茶!)。在复活节的第一天,人们通常要聚会,邀请亲戚。除去必不可少的菜肴外,还有其他许多美味的食品:烤或烤鸡,辣根鱼冻,“俄罗斯的沙拉”,许多可口的腌菜,如蘑菇,黄瓜和白菜等。餐桌上弥漫着伏特加、白兰地和葡萄酒的芬芳。如果复活节不纵情娱乐,那简直是罪过!
节日第二天要接待朋友,或是出门做客。空手登门拜访是件失礼的事情,更何况恰逢佳节。客人们通常携鲜花、糖果或是绘有各种图案的复活节彩蛋上门。这些彩蛋或是木制、蜡制、石制,或是用陶瓷、水晶制成。彩绘蛋是俄罗斯传统造型艺术的精髓。在今天的艺术沙龙中,也可以寻到精美绝伦的装饰彩蛋,它们是真正的艺术品,如著名的“法贝格”风格的金蛋。在19世纪末20世纪初,卡尔?法贝格作坊正是在复活节前为皇室赶制出了这批举世闻名的珠宝杰作。
开斋后,人们习惯透过一片涂黑的玻璃观看太阳。数个世纪以来,只要赶上复活节,就一定会阳光明媚。民间说法是,如果谁看见太阳在“玩耍”,“乐开怀”,他就会一生幸福。
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