胡惟庸的一生及给后人的启示

2025-04-02 00:43:02
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

早年随朱元璋起兵,历任元帅府奏差、宁国主簿、知县、吉安通判、湖广佥事、太常少卿、太常卿等职。洪武三年,拜中书省参知政事。六年七月,凭李善长推荐,任右丞相,约至十年进左丞相。位居百官之首。随着权势的不断增大,胡惟庸日益骄横跋扈,擅自决定官员人等的生杀升降,先阅内外诸司奏章,对己不利者,辄匿不上报。各地喜好钻营、热衷仕进之徒与功臣武夫失职者,争走其门,馈送金帛、名马、玩物不可胜数。学士吴伯宗曾因弹劾他而险遭大祸;他得知大将军徐达对他不满,曾在朱元璋处诬奏其奸行,后竟诱使徐达家的守门人福寿谋害徐达。因福寿揭发,未能得逞。胡惟庸还千方百计地拉拢因犯法受朱元璋谴责的吉安侯陆仲亨、平凉侯费聚,令其在外收集军马,以图谋反。此外,他还勾结中丞涂节、御史大夫陈宁等,令陈宁坐中书省阅天下兵马籍。这一切引起朱元璋的极大注意。朱元璋从元亡的教训中,深感臣下权力太大,会导致元末“宰相专权”、“臣操威福”的局面重演。早在洪武九年,即对各省权力机构进行改革,十一年,又令六部奏事不得关白中书省,进一步削弱了中书省权力。
  不久,胡惟庸之子驰马于市,坠死于车下,惟庸杀挽车者。朱元璋大怒,令其抵死,不准以金帛偿其家之请。洪武十三年正月,涂节和中书省吏上书告胡惟庸谋反。朱元璋遂以“枉法诬贤”、“蠹害政治”等罪名,将胡惟庸和涂节、陈宁等先后处死。
  胡惟庸死后,其谋反“罪状”陆续被揭发,如派林贤下海招倭;派封绩称臣于元嗣君,请出兵为外应;令李存义、杨文裕说李善长谋逆;毒死刘基;收纳亡命等事,连韩国公李善长、吉安侯陆仲亨、平凉侯费聚、延安侯唐胜宗等。朱元璋大怒,为肃清“逆党”,株连杀戮者达三万余人。前后延续达十年之久,朱元璋并做《昭示奸党录》布告天下。“胡党”而受株连至死或已死而追夺爵位的开国功臣有李善长、南雄侯赵庸、荥阳侯郑遇春、永嘉侯朱亮祖、靖宁侯等一公、二十一侯。胡惟庸被杀后,朱元璋遂罢丞相,革中书省,并严格规定嗣君不得再立丞相;臣下敢有奏请说立者,处以重刑。丞相废除后,其事由六部分理,皇帝拥有至高无上的权力,中央集权得到进一步加强。
  明代史籍中关于胡惟庸案的记载多有矛盾,因此关于其是否确实谋反,当时便有人怀疑,明代史学家郑晓、王世贞等皆持否定态度。

回答2:

胡党之狱又称为“胡惟庸案”,是明初四大案之一。洪武十三年正月,丞相胡惟庸称他家的旧宅井里涌出了醴泉,邀请明太祖前来观赏。这是大明的祥瑞,朱元璋欣然前往,走到西华门时,一个名叫云奇的太监突然冲到皇帝的车马前,紧拉住缰绳,急得说不出话来。卫士们立即将他拿下,乱棍齐上,差点把他打死,可是他仍然指着胡惟庸家的方向,不肯退下。朱元璋这才感到事情不妙,立即返回,登上宫城,发现胡惟庸家墙道里都藏着士兵,刀枪林立。于是立即下令将胡惟庸逮捕,当天即处死。 据《明太祖实录》记载,四天前,也就是正月甲午,中丞涂节已经告胡惟庸谋反,以明太祖猜忌多疑的性格,怎么还会去胡惟庸家看所谓的祥瑞?可见,云奇告变纯属子虚乌有。胡惟庸案前后株连竟达十馀年之久,诛杀了三万馀人,成为明初一大案。事后朱元璋还亲自颁布《昭示奸党录》,告诫臣下,切以胡惟庸为鉴。 后世评说 明代史籍中关于胡惟庸案的记载多有矛盾,因此关于其是否确实谋反,当时便有人怀疑,明代史明代史学家郑晓、王世贞等皆持否定态度。也有学者指出:所谓的胡谓庸案只是一个借口,目的就在于解决君权与相权的矛盾,结果是彻底废除了宰相制度晚明学者钱谦益说:“云奇之事,国史野史,一无可考。”史家潘柽章更认为云奇之事为“凿空说鬼,有识者所不道”。胡惟庸如果要谋反,他在家里埋伏刀兵,能让人在城墙上轻易看见吗?几百年以后,也就是到了现代,明史学家吴晗写了一篇著名的文章叫《胡惟庸党案考》,把胡惟庸的案子从头到尾缕析了一遍,最后证明,胡惟庸案是一个冤案。 胡惟庸-人物评价 刘伯温就不看好胡惟庸,评价是:“譬之驾,惧其偾辕也"

回答3:

为人臣者要守本分

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