主要是时间上的差异。
用于被动时,过去分词表示事情已经被完成或者经常被完成。
不定式的被动式表示事情将来被完成。
例如:
With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch.(过去被动)
所有的工作都做完了,他们匆忙回家吃午饭。
We will visit the zoo opened last month.(过去完成)
我们会去参观上个月开放的动物园。
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.(一般的时间被完成,过去、现在、将来都可能)
从山顶看,这座城市看起来很美。
The project will get stuck if the work to be finished this week is delayed.
这周将完成的工作如果耽误了,这个项目将马上进行。
This building is expected to be completed in 2022.
这幢大厦预计于2022年完工。
Have you heard of the museum to be opened next year.
你听说过明年会开放的那个博物馆吗?
1)从构成形式上看,被动式前面应该有个动词be的某种形式,过去分词前面应该有has/had/have,而不定式的被式前面一般有to。
He was beaten by his father yesterday.(动词be的某种形式was,后跟beat的过去分词形式,前面有动词be的某种形式,构成被动式)
He has visited China twice since 2000.(has+动词的过去分词,构成完成时)
He want to study English.(to study不定式)
2)从意义上来看:
被动式主要是表示主语是动作的承受者;如:
He was beaten by his father yesterday.(主语He被打)
过去分词 一表示动作已经完成,二表示被动
He has visited China twice since 2000.(visited过去分词,用在完成时中,表示动作已完成)
Chased by the hunter, the wolf had nowhere to hide.(过去分词短语作状语,表示被动)
不定式的被动式一表示被动,二表示将要完成的动作。
The meeting to be held is about pollution.(to be held将要被举行,既表示将要完成的动作,又表示被动)
过去分词和不定式的共同点在于都表示被动,最大的区别在于动作是否完成。如完成,用过去分词,如表将来,则用不定式。例如:
被猎人追赶,狼无处藏身。Chased by the hunter, the wolf had nowhere to hide.(被猎人追赶,动作已经完成)
Being chased by the hunter, the wolf had nowhere to hide.(正在被被猎人追赶)
To be chased by the hunter, the wolf had nowhere to hide.(将要被猎人追赶)
应该说,过去分词只有过去分词形式,没有被动式
关于非谓语,基本三类:
不定式(to do)或其短语,一般是指句中另一个动作(比如谓语)【之后】的动作
现在分词(doing)或其短语,一般是指句中另一个动作(比如谓语)【之时即进行】的动作
过去分词(done)或其短语,一般是指句中另一个动作(比如谓语)【之前】的动作或【被动】
Finished my work, I went to bed. (finished之前,went之前)
I saw the boy caught by two policemen.(caught被动)
Asked why he's late, his face turned red. (asked被动,也隐含turned之前)
doing和to do可以复合have done完成结构、be done 被动结构
完成式:having done = to have done
被动式:being done ≈ to be done
完成被动式: having been done = to have been done
含have done就有“之前”的意义,含be done就有“被”的意义
此时的to do和doing失去了自己本身的“之后/时”或“主动”的含义
所以如果你可以确定句中的过去分词done有“被动”意义的话,那么
done指之前/之时不是很确定,
being done 之时
to be done 之后
Seen by his ex-girlfriend, he turned back.
非谓语seen“被”明显,但是否一定是turned back“之前”被看见了却不一定
The teacher raised his voice to be heard by all the students.
非谓语to be heard“被”明显,且可以表达“之后”:先raise voice、再be heard
不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别
这三种形式作定语,主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。如:
have you read the novel written by dickens ?
he is man loved and respected by all.
don’t use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.
现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:
listen ! the song being sung is very popular with the students.
不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个未来的动作。如:
the question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.