推荐回答(5个)
鸡毛信源于“羽檄”。
“羽檄”: 这是古时征调军队的文书,上插鸟羽表示紧急,必须速递。《汉书•高帝纪下》:“吾以羽檄征天下兵。”颜师古注:“檄者,以木简为书,长尺二寸,用征召也。其有急事,则加以鸟羽插之,示速疾也。”
“羽檄”又叫做“羽书”:
虞羲《咏霍将军北伐》诗:“羽书时断绝。”杜甫《秋兴》诗:“直北关山金鼓振,征西车马羽书驰。”
到后来有其名而无其实:
沈括《梦溪笔谈》:“ 驿传旧有三等:曰步递、马递、急脚递。急脚递最遽,日行四百里,惟军兴则用之。熙宁中,又有金字牌急脚递,如古之羽檄也。”可知此时已不真用羽毛,而且名字也已不用“羽檄”了,“羽檄”只是“古”时候的名字。
到清朝,“羽檄”这个名词又大量使用了:
“袁简斋六十三岁乃生子。时有族弟某观察,在苏州勾当公事,接江宁方伯陶公羽檄,意颇惊骇。发之,但有红签十字曰:‘令兄随园先生已得子矣。’”但是,不知这个“羽檄”插了羽毛没有。
到太平天国时期,确确实实是插了羽毛,而且就是鸡毛!清人陈其元《庸闲斋笔记》说:
“曾文正公硕德重望,传烈丰功,震于一时;顾性畏鸡毛,遇有插羽之文,皆不敢手拆。辛未十月,到上海阅兵,余供张已备,从者先至,见座后有鸡毛帚,嘱去之,谓公恶见此物。不解其故。公姻家郭慕徐观察阶告余云:‘公旧第中有古树,树神乃巨蟒。相传公即此神蟒再世,遍体癣文,有若鳞甲。每日卧起,床中必有癣屑一堆,若蛇蜕然。然喜食鸡肉,而乃畏其毛,为不解耳。’后阅《随园随笔》,言:‘焚鸡毛,修蛇巨虺闻气即死,蛟蜃之类亦畏此气。’乃悟公是神蟒转世,故畏鸡毛也。”
抗日战争时期,共产党的抗日武装用鸡毛信传送紧急信息,这在电影《鸡毛信》(不是《小兵张嘎》)中已经艺术化地表现了。但是,电影的表现反而使人们误因为是作者虚构的,有些人以为鸡毛信就是起源于电影!其实前段时间中央电视台的《鉴宝》节目,有位来宾出示了一件抗战时期鸡毛信的实寄封!
这是中国邮政史上唯一的一件鸡毛信的实物。
我国是世界上最早出现军邮的国家,早在西汉时期就建立了严密的军邮组织,虎符、烽火、鸡毛信是当时较常见的三种军邮形式。
鸡毛信:旧时交通不便,古代驿站凡传递特急信件者,为了体现信函的紧急重要,便在信件背后插上三根鸡毛,谓之“鸡毛信”,相当于现代邮政的特快专递。驿站见此信后必用快马昼夜不停地奔往目的地。
有人还认为,古人用羽毛传递命令,鸡毛信即这种文化的遗存。
各民族都受益于鸡毛信,形式虽不尽相同,但鸡毛却是必不可缺的物件。如:侗族的鸡毛信,是在侗家遇有紧急事件或战事时,选一个机灵强壮的侗家后生,带上一块木牌,木牌挂上辣椒、木炭,然后是一束柔柔的鸡毛,这就是他们的急信传讯,因传递方法按团寨依次传送,故叫做“滚团信”。抗日战争中八路军也曾使用过“鸡毛信”进行联络。
在我国古代,遇有特别紧急的信息需要传递,常常是在信件上粘附鸡毛,以表明事物迅急,必须火速处理,这种信件叫做“鸡毛信”,“鸡毛信”犹如“羽檄”、“羽书”。后来通常在信封上注以表示紧急的特殊记号,这种信件也叫“鸡毛信”。
在我国历史革命战争中,“鸡毛信”的运用比较广泛,尤其是在抗日战争时期,“鸡毛信”起到了极为重要的作用。“鸡毛信”是中国独有的一种急递信件方式,可以说在世界上独一无二。“鸡毛信”的传递,犹如当今的“特快专递”,受理“鸡毛信”的人,在接到这种信件以后,不管是白天或黑夜,也不管是否是风雨冰雪天气,均必须分秒不停地急驰传递,直到信件到达目的地。
“鸡毛信”在我国通信史上,曾经起到极为重要的作用。对于集邮者来说,“鸡毛信”是一种非常难得的珍罕邮品,对于研究我国邮政史和集邮史极为重要。
(摘自《天津邮报》
郑希兰)
应该是起源于汉朝,为保证战争中的机密性,加急性和重要性,而设立的一个战时机构,原名:鸿翎急使,而后衍变成后来的鸡毛信.用来表示其加急加密的信笺.
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