推荐回答(2个)
死刑 中国古代的死刑种类很多,死刑不仅仅是剥夺犯罪人的生命,还包括了羞辱、报复等含义。有的是一种很残忍的酷刑。其种类有:凌迟、斩首、绞、赐死、弃市、车裂、脯、戮、炮格、磔(音折)、烹、焚、枭首等。有的是法定刑,如斩首、弃市、凌迟、绞,其他的则是一些临时设置或使用的酷刑。 凌迟 这种刑罚开始于乱世五代。宋仁宗时开始使用,主要是处死那些重罪犯人,以示报应、惩罚。辽、金、元、明、清都有这种法定刑。执行方法很残忍,先从非要害部位割肉,直至犯人慢慢死去,民间叫做千刀万剐。 斩首 又名斩,但执行方式在南北朝前后有所不同。南北朝前经常是腰斩,之后则一般是砍头,严重的也斩腰。 绞 古代将人用帛、绳等勒死或吊死叫做绞,自周、秦出现后,成为一种死刑。因为绞刑可以保全尸体,在隋唐之后,是法定刑中是次于斩的一种死刑。 赐死 这是对贵族和官员的处死方式,在唐朝定型,一般五品以上官员犯死罪,用这种方式处死,具体做法有自刎、上吊和服毒。 弃市 在秦汉时期是用刀刃杀死,魏晋以后是用绞刑处死,但地点都是在人多的闹市,而且暴尸三天,以表示为众人所抛弃,是一种带耻辱特征的死刑。 车裂 车裂即五马分尸。 脯 脯是把人杀死后将尸体晒成肉干。 戮 戮是先示众羞辱,再处死(参考“杀和戮”)。 炮格 炮格就是炮烙,下边点火把铜器烧热,让人赤脚在上边走,使人掉进火中烧烫而死。 磔 磔即张裂肢体,令其干枯,有的解释说磔就是车裂。烹俗称成煮。焚即活活烧死,有的时候叫点天灯。 枭首 枭首是把人斩首,然后将人头挂在木杆上示众,起到恐吓作用,隋唐宋曾经废除,但明清时对强盗还用。
清一代 ,死刑正刑 ,分绞、斩两种 ,其非正刑主要有枭首、凌迟、戮尸等 ,尤为原始和残酷。非正刑主要针对最为危及清王朝统治之根基者 ,除以往公认的十恶不赦之徒外 ,还特别针对汉族士大夫 ,用来压制汉族知识分子 ,欲以严刑峻法来挽救其专制统治的垂死命运
清朝死刑的执行 ,一般分绞、斩两种 ,除这两正刑以外 ,还有种种惨烈的执行方式 ,其目的是想借增加死囚的生前的痛苦和死后的惨烈程度来求得减少和威慑犯罪 ,维护其统治。近年来 ,对于有清一代死刑 ,多有著述 ,但对其中的非正刑 ,绝少专门研究 ,而非正刑的研究在某种程度上较之正刑更能深刻表明清王朝的法制特点和社会形态。因而 ,系统研究清朝的死刑非正刑 ,具有重要的历史意义。笔者不惴浅薄 ,拟从其施刑的主要对象进行分类研究和具体分析 ,以期更好地展现清朝的法制和社会。一、清朝死刑正刑及非正刑概说死刑是剥夺犯罪人生命的刑罚 ,也是…
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