哲学是研究什么的？它有什么用？

哲学
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“哲学”这个词最早出自希腊文的“φιλοσοφος”(philosophia)，即“philo-”(喜爱)和“sophia”(智慧)（爱智慧）。19世纪70年代，日本最早的西方哲学传播者西周借用古汉语译作“哲学”，1896年前后康有为等将日本的译称介绍到中国，后渐渐通行。在西方，哲学一词通常用来说明一个人对生活的某种看法（例如某人的“人生哲学”）和基本原则（例如价值观、思想、行为）。而在学术上的哲学，则是对这些基本原则的理性根据的质疑、反思，并试图对这些基本原则进行理性的重建。

最早哲学的范围涵盖所有的知识层面。它一直是人类最抽象的知识研究。对哲学一词的介绍最初来自希腊思想家毕达哥拉斯。
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* 8 参见

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哲学与科学的关系

从学术史看，科学是哲学的衍生物。后来，科学独立为与哲学并行的学科。科学与哲学有互动关系。科学产生知识，哲学产生思想。马克思主义认为，哲学也是一种社会意识形态。现代西方哲学中有科学哲学，是专门研究有关科学的理论。这种理论研究了科学的历史，为科学总结了许多理论模型，但这也只是解释了科学，并不是可以指导科学。哲学是人类了解世界的一种特殊方式，是使人崇高起来的一门学问。
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哲学的价值

哲学之应当学习并不在于它能对于所提出的问题提供任何确定的答案，因为一般不可能知道有什么确定的答案是真确的，而是在于这些问题本身；原因是，这些问题可以扩充我们对于一切可能事物的概念，丰富我们心灵方面的想象力，并且减低教条式的自信，这些都可能禁锢心灵的思考作用。此外，尤其在于通过哲学冥想中的宇宙之大，心灵会变得伟大起来，因而就能够和那成其为至善的宇宙结合在一起。

哲学也可以说是理性对于信仰的研究。

哲学是对世界的关于终极意义的解释，它在解释中使我们了解世界，使世界在我们的意识中合理化，从而为我们提供心灵的慰借。

哲学还是对人的自我一种定位的工具。
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哲学理论

利他主义 —— 反现实主义 —— 佛教哲学 —— 儒家思想 —— 享乐主义 —— 唯物主义 —— 唯心主义 —— 理想主义 —— 非现实主义 —— 逻辑正确主义 —— 悲观主义 —— 道家思想 —— 自我主义 —— 悲观主义 —— 理性主义 —— 现实主义 —— 唯美主义 —— 形而上学唯物主义 —— 辩证唯物主义 —— 客观唯心主义 —— 主观唯心主义 —— 非理性主义 —— 斯多噶主义 —— 民族主义——存在主义——形而上学——功利主义 —
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哲学分支

由于研究领域的不同，哲学有很多分支。

* 哲学史
o 东方哲学史
+ 印度哲学
+ 中国哲学史
+ 伊斯兰哲学
+ 日本哲学
o 西方哲学史
+ 古希腊哲学
+ 中世纪哲学
+ 文艺复兴时期哲学
+ 德国古典哲学
+ 俄国哲学
* 马克思主义哲学
o 辩证唯物主义
o 历史唯物主义
o 马克思主义哲学史
* 科学哲学
* 现代哲学
o 生存哲学
o 分析哲学
o 人文哲学
o 解释学
o 符号学
o 实用主义哲学
* 伦理学
o 医学伦理学
o 教育伦理学
o 政治伦理学
o 家庭伦理学
o 生命伦理学
o 生态伦理学
* 美学
o 美学史
o 艺术美学
o 技术美学
* 形而上学
* 现象学
* 过程哲学
* 知识论
* 死亡哲学
* 人生哲学
* 法律哲学
* 心灵哲学
* 墨家哲学
* 当代英美哲学
* 比较哲学
* 当代法国哲学
* 哲学哲学

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与哲学相关学科

* 相对论
* 量子力学
* 混沌学
* 旋理论
* 思维科学
* 人工智能
* 心理学
* 信息论
* 语义学
* 科学社会学
* 逻辑学
* 科学学
* 控制论
* 机械论

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其他与哲学相关的学科

* 宗教哲学
* 政治哲学
* 物理哲学
* 天文哲学
* 化学哲学
* 语言分析哲学
* 佛教哲学
* 教父哲学
* 教育哲学
* 语言哲学
o 日常语言哲学
* 自然哲学
* 经济哲学
* 同一哲学
* 思辩哲学
* 生物学哲学
* 中国哲学史史料学
* 历史哲学
* 易学
* 经学
* 玄学
* 灵源泛哲学体系

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哲学命题

* 自由意志
* 决定论
* 因果律
* 随机性
* 白马非马
* 百姓日用即道
* 悖论
* 变化日新
* 辩者二十一事
* 仁为万物之源
* 体用一源
* 天不变道亦不变
* 天道自然
* 万物皆备于我
* 物极必反
* 心统性情
* 心无本体
* 新故相除
* 形质神用
* 性即理
* 性日生日成
* 一分为二
* 一物两体
* EPR悖论
* 坚白相盈

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参见

认识论 本体论 形而上学 伦理学 美学 哲学范畴 哲学理论 边缘学科 哲学概念 辩证法 哲学团体 方法论 哲学基本问题 科学理论 科学实验 哲学史 哲学家 哲学家列表 哲学思想列表 现代哲学学院详谈
取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6"

页面分类: 文化 | 哲学 | 认知科学

Philosophy
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Portal Philosophy Portal

Providing a definition of Philosophy is fraught with difficulty, partially because to do so is itself to engage in philosophy, and partially because the word is used to mean different things.

Philosophy is sometimes seen as a particular method, usually that of rational enquiry. Most philosophical work assumes rationality, although the form of that rationality varies considerably. For instance, Socratic method focuses on questioning technique, analytic philosophy on careful analysis of terms and language. However not all philosophers would agree that rationality is fundamental.

Philosophy can also be seen as the study of a particular subject matter. The topic in this sense is diverse, ranging from the fundamentals of existence Metaphysics through epistemology to ethics.

Other philosophers see it as a process. This might be towards the perfection of the human soul, an answer to the command to Know thyself, or as seeking the Tao, or as Ludwig Wittgenstein proposed, an antidote to certain confusions of language.

Philosophy is also an academic discipline, studied at Universities and colleges worldwide.

In Greek, the word "philosophy" means "love of wisdom", and the word originally included all forms of knowledge and all methods of attaining knowledge. Early scientists, irrespective of their field of study, called themselves "natural philosophers". Through the rise of universities and the separation of learning disciplines, philosophy has taken on a more specialized meaning. Major philosophical problems include: "What do we know?", "How do we know?", and "What is the meaning of life?"

The term can also refer to a worldview, to a perspective on an issue, or to the positions of a particular philosopher or school of philosophy. The phrase "a philosophical attitude" refers to a thoughtful approach to life.
Contents
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* 1 Overview of philosophy
o 1.1 Branches of philosophy
o 1.2 Applied philosophy
+ 1.2.1 Fields of applied philosophy
o 1.3 Philosophical traditions
+ 1.3.1 Western and Eastern philosophy
o 1.4 Non-academic uses of the word
* 2 History of Philosophy
* 3 See also
o 3.1 General philosophy topics
o 3.2 General philosophy lists
o 3.3 History of philosophy
o 3.4 Abrahamic philosophies
* 4 Bibliography
o 4.1 Introductions
+ 4.1.1 For beginners
+ 4.1.2 Topical introductions
+ 4.1.3 Anthologies
o 4.2 Reference works
* 5 External links
o 5.1 Resources
o 5.2 e-Texts
o 5.3 eJournals
o 5.4 Forums
o 5.5 Organizations, websites, and associations

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Overview of philosophy

The word "philosophy" derives from the ancient Greek (Φιλοσοφία, philosophia) and translates to "love of wisdom". It suggests a vocation for questioning, learning, and teaching. Philosophers are curious about the world, humanity, existence, values, understanding, and the nature of things. The origin of philosophy in the West lies with the pre-Socratic philosophers of ancient Greece.

The keynote speech of all western philosophy is attributed to Pythagoras by Sosicrates (relying on Heraclides of Pontus), according to Diogenes Laertius in Lives of Eminent Philosophers, life of Pythagoras (8.8):

"Sosicrates in his Successions of Philosophers says that, when Leon the tyrant of Phlius asked him who he was, he said "A philosopher", and that he compared life to the Great Games, where some went to compete for the prize and others went with wares to sell, but the best (beltistoi) as spectators (theatai); for similarly, in life, some grow up with servile natures, greedy for fame and gain, but the philosopher (philosophos) seeks for truth (aletheia)."

From the verb theorein, "to see". comes theoria, "insight". The word for "seek" there is actually the word for "hunt". The man who loves wisdom hunts for insight. The sceptics subsequently quipped that they were always looking, never finding, and labelled themselves "doubters". But even those who deny insight are claiming the insight of doubt, and the traditions and language of the Greek philosophers survives.

Philosophical thinking also developed elsewhere, and can be seen in many ancient texts. In China, the Tao Te Ching of Lao Tze and the Analects of Kung fu tze (Confucius) both appeared around 600 BC, about the same time as the Greek pre-Socratics were writing. In India, the major philosophical texts are the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita, from circa 500 BC. Islamic civilization also produced many philosophical geniuses (see Islamic philosophy).

Philosophy can be distinguished from other disciplines by its methods of inquiry. Philosophers often frame their questions as problems or puzzles in order to give clear examples of their doubts about a subject they find interesting, wonderful or confusing. Often these questions are about the assumptions behind a belief, or about methods by which people reason.

Philosophers typically frame problems in a logical manner, historically using syllogisms of traditional logic, since Frege and Russell increasingly using formal systems, such as predicate calculus, and then work towards a solution based on critical reading and reasoning. Like Socrates, they search for answers through discussion, responding to the arguments of others, or careful personal contemplation. Philosophers often debate the relative merits of these methods. For example, they may ask whether philosophical solutions are objective, definitive, universal, and say something informative about reality. On the other hand, they may ask whether these solutions give greater clarity or insight into the logic of language, or rather act as personal therapy. Philosophers seek logical justification for the answers to their questions.

Contemporary Western academic philosophy has been divided into two broad traditions since about the nineteenth century: Anglo-American or analytic philosophy and continental philosophy. Both traditions are extremely diverse, and include their own methods of analysis. Broadly speaking, analytic philosophy is distinguished by its focus on analysis and argument, and the Continental tradition distinguished by its sceptical and anti-transcendentalist assumptions and focus on ideas. The areas of interest and problems are largely shared by the two traditions; they differ in their approaches and methods.

Language is the philosopher's primary tool. In the analytic tradition, debates about philosophical method have been closely connected to debates about the relationship between philosophy and language. There is a similar concern in continental philosophy. Meta-philosophy, the "philosophy of philosophy", studies the nature of philosophical problems, philosophical solutions, and the proper method for getting from one to the other. These debates are not less relevant to philosophy as a whole, since the nature and role of philosophy itself has always been an essential part of philosophical deliberations.

Philosophy may also be approached by examining the relationships between components, as in structuralism and recursionism. The nature of science is examined in general terms (see philosophy of science), and for particular sciences, (biophilosophy).
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Branches of philosophy

Philosophers analyse and investigate such concepts as existence or being, morality or goodness, knowledge, truth, and beauty. Philosophers may ask critical questions about the nature of these concepts — questions typically outside the scope of other disciplines, such as science. Several major works of post-medieval philosophy begin by examining the nature of philosophy. Philosophers are motivated by specific questions such as:

* What is truth? How or why do we identify a statement as correct or false, and how do we reason? What is wisdom?
* Is knowledge possible? How do we know what we know? What is unknown? If knowledge is possible, what is known vs. unknown? How do we take what is "known" to extrapolate what is "unknown"?
* Is there a difference between morally right and wrong actions (or values, or institutions)? If so, what is that difference? Which actions are right, and which wrong? Are values absolute, or relative? In general or particular terms, how should I live? How is right and wrong defined? Is there an ultimate "ought"? Is there a normative value or objective that supercedes all others?
* What is reality, and what things can be described as real? What is the nature of those things? Do some things exist independently of our perception? What is the nature of space and time? What is the nature of thought and thinking? What is it to be a person?
* What is it to be beautiful? How do beautiful things differ from the everyday? What is Art? Does true beauty exist?

Socrates
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Socrates

These five broad types of question are called analytical or logical, epistemological, ethical, metaphysical, and aesthetic respectively. They are not the only subjects of philosophical inquiry, and there are many overlaps between the categories which are subsumed within the discipline under the four major headings of Logic, Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology. Aristotle, who was the first to use this classification (as he believed that to call himself "sophos" or wise was immodest), also considered politics (which he saw as part of ethics), modern-day physics, geology, biology, meteorology, and astronomy as branches of philosophical investigation. The Greeks, through the influence of Socrates and his method, developed a tradition of analysis that divided a subject into its components to understand it better.
Lao Zi
Lao Zi

Other traditions did not always use such labels, or emphasize the same themes. While Hindu philosophy has similarities with Western philosophy, there was no word for "philosophy" in Japanese, Korean, or Chinese until the 19th century, despite long-established philosophical traditions. Chinese philosophers, in particular, used different categories than the Greeks. Definitions were not based on common features, but were usually metaphorical and referred to several subjects at once [1]. Boundaries between categories are not distinct in Western philosophy, however, and since at least the 19th century, Western philosophical works have usually addressed a nexus of questions rather than distinct topics.
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Applied philosophy

Though often seen as a wholly abstract field, philosophy is not without practical applications. The most obvious applications are those in ethics – applied ethics in particular – and in political philosophy. The political philosophies of Confucius, Kautilya, Sun Tzu, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Niccolo Machiavelli, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, Mahatma Gandhi, Robert Nozick, and John Rawls have shaped and been used to justify governments and their actions.

In the field of the philosophy of education, progressive education as championed by John Dewey has had a profound impact on educational practices in the United States in the twentieth century.

Other important applications can be found in epistemology, which might help one to regulate one's notions of what knowledge, evidence, and justified belief are. Two useful ways that epistemology and logic can inform the real world are through the fields of journalism and police investigation. Informal logic has many useful and practical applications, helping citizens to be critical in reading rhetoric and in everyday discussion. Philosophy of science discusses the underpinnings of the scientific method. Aesthetics can help to interpret discussions of art. Even ontology, surely the most abstract and least practical-seeming branch of philosophy, has had important consequences for logic and computer science.

In general, the various "philosophies of," such as philosophy of law, can provide workers in their respective fields with a deeper understanding of the theoretical or conceptual underpinnings of their fields.

Often, philosophy is seen as an investigation into an area not understood well enough to be its own branch of knowledge. What were once merely philosophical pursuits have evolved into the modern day fields of psychology, sociology, linguistics, and economics (among others). Computer science, cognitive science and artificial intelligence are modern areas of research that philosophy has played a role in developing.

Moreover, a burgeoning profession devoted to applying philosophy to the problems of ordinary life has recently developed, called philosophical counseling. Many Eastern philosophies can and do help millions of people with anxiety problems through their emphasis on meditation for calming the mind and the connection between the health of the body and the health of the soul.
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Fields of applied philosophy

* Philosophy of education
* Philosophy of history
* Philosophy of language
* Philosophy of law
* Philosophy of mathematics
* Philosophy of mind
* Philosophy of perception
* Philosophy of philosophy (Metaphilosophy)
* Philosophy of physics
* Philosophy of politics
* Philosophy of psychology
* Philosophy of religion
* Philosophy of science
* Philosophy of social sciences

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Philosophical traditions

Members of many societies have considered philosophical questions and built philosophic traditions based upon each other's works. The term "philosophy" in a Euro-American academic context may misleadingly refer solely to the philosophic traditions of Western European civilization. This is also called "Western philosophy", especially when contrasted with "Eastern philosophy", which broadly subsumes the philosophic traditions of Asia. Both terms group together diverse, even incompatible schools of thought.

Eastern and Middle Eastern philosophical traditions have influenced Western philosophers. Russian, Jewish, Islamic and recently Latin American philosophical traditions have contributed to, or been derivative of Western philosophy, yet retain a unique identity.

It is convenient to divide contemporary Western academic philosophy into two traditions, since use of the term "Western philosophy" over the past century has often revealed a bias towards one or the other.
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
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Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)

Analytic philosophy is characterized by a precise approach to analysing the language of philosophical questions. The purpose is to lay bare any underlying conceptual confusion. This approach dominates Anglo-American philosophy, but has roots in continental Europe, where it is also practiced. The tradition of analytic philosophy began with Gottlob Frege at the turn of the twentieth-century, and was carried on by Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore and Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Continental philosophy is a label for various schools predominant in continental Europe, but also at home in many English-speaking Humanities departments, that may examine language, metaphysical a

2.哲学的性质和对象 ⑴哲学是关于世界观和方法论的理论体系。其中要弄懂哲学和世界观的定义以及二者的关系，世界观和历史观、人生观的关系，着重理解哲学是世界观和方法论相统一的理论体系。(2)哲学是关于人和外部世界关系的学说。这是从哲学的对象的角度来说的。这里要了解决定哲学对象的因素、哲学对象的历史发展，从而理解马克思主义哲学研究的对象乃是“关于外部世界和人类思维的运动的一般规律的科学”或者“人和外部世界的总体性关系”。 (3)哲学是特殊的社会意识形态。哲学作为思想上层建筑的组成部分，属于社会意识形态领域，它同其它意识形态诸形式相比既有联系又有区别，要认识其特殊性及其特殊的社会功能。
3.哲学的基本问题 (1)哲学基本问题及其内容。思维和存在（即精神和物质）的关系问题，是哲学的基本问题。其内容有两个方面：第一方面是思维和存在何者为第一性、何者为第二性的问题，这是划分唯物主义与唯心主义的唯一标准；第二方面是思维与存在是否具有同一性的问题，对这个问题的不同回答又把哲学区分为可知论和不可知论。（2）哲学基本问题与哲学中的基本派别。①哲学基本派别划分的依据：依据对思维和存在何者为本原问题的不同回答，可以把哲学区分为唯物主义与唯心主义；②哲学的党性：尽管哲学派别名目繁多，但从对待哲学基本问题的根本态度上看，无不分属于唯物主义与唯心主义这两个基本派别，这就是哲学的党性和党派性；③辩证法和形而上学：对思维和存在二者在运动和发展中的同一性问题的不同回答，在哲学上则形成了辩证法和形而上学的对立和斗争。（3）唯物论和唯心论的根源及其表现形态。①其根源有社会历史根源、阶级根源和认识根源三个方面；②唯物论的发展有古代朴素唯物主义、近代形而上学唯物主义、辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义三种历史形态；③辩证法的发展也有三种基本形态，即古代朴素辩证法、近代唯心主义辩证法、唯物辩证法；④唯心主义有两种基本形式，即客观唯心主义、主观唯心主义。

间单的讲!哲学就是分析因果逻辑关系的!我们常说的唯物辩证法!其实就是哲学!通俗讲来很好笑!鸡会下蛋因为它是鸡!蛋能孵出鸡因为蛋是鸡下的!这就是哲理!

《苏菲的世界》是一部讲述西方哲学史的小说，读哲学史如读小说，听起来是不是很令人心旷神怡啊？作者乔斯坦·贾德，挪威一所高中并不知名的哲学教师，但凭借他在高中十一年的教学经验以及对一些哲学问题的深刻把握，于1991年出版了这本哲学领域的旷世其书，十年前这本书的销售量已达640万册，到现在就不知是一个多大的天文数字了。通过这本通俗的哲学小说，人们普遍发现原来哲学并不是只有少数几个人坐在象牙塔上苦心钻研那晦涩难懂的语言文字，而是人人都可以有哲学方面的见解，就像我们今天这样，因为，哲学起源于每个人都拥有的朴素的好奇心；人们发现原来一个真正的哲学家并不就是古板庄重，令人难以接近，相反，他像一个小孩子一样对这个世界充满好奇和惊叹，他们很少有成见，不妄下定论，永不放弃，与人为善，哲学家并不是知识最丰富和懂得道理最多的人，所谓的哲学家就是一群常常感到自己的知识不足而苦恼的人，就像苏格拉底常说自己“我一无所知”，但他却被公认为全希腊最有智慧的人，为什么呢？因为哲学，philosophy，sophy是智慧，philo是爱，是爱智慧的意思，是对智慧的无限追求与热爱，正因如此，哲学家永远年轻和常青，才最有可能成为（实际上也是）最有智慧的人。

哲学研究内容有两个方面
一是研究世界
二是研究该用什么样的方法来研究世界
呵呵,作用就是指导我们认识世界
其实我相信每个人的思想里都有潜在的哲学观,当然很多人自己并没有意识到,但这确实存在的,并且或多或少的影响着他的行为
纯属个人观点