碳酸盐岩的野外观察与描述

2025-03-23 23:12:13
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

碳酸盐岩是钙镁碳酸盐矿物 ( 方解石、白云石) 含量大于 50% 的沉积岩。主要岩石类型为石灰岩和白云岩。

1. 碳酸盐岩的一般特征

矿物 组成碳酸盐岩的矿物,除碳酸盐矿物外,还有陆源碎屑物质和非碳酸盐自生矿物,如石英、长石、粘土矿物、蛋白石、玉髓、石膏等。

结构 碳酸盐岩的结构类型多样,基本类型有粒屑结构、泥晶结构、生物骨架结构、晶粒结构和残余结构等。

构造 碳酸盐岩的构造,除常见的波痕、层理外,还常有缝合线、叠层石、鸟眼等特殊成因的构造,碳酸盐岩常发生明显的成岩后生作用,如重结晶作用、压溶作用、交代作用等。

2. 碳酸盐岩的分类与命名

分类 碳酸盐分类方案有几种,一般应用成分类即可满足基本要求。

碳酸盐岩除了以方解石为主的石灰岩和以白云石为主的白云岩两大基本类型外,还常有方解石与泥质,白云石与泥质两种成分的混合类型,以及方解石、白云石与泥质等三种成分的混合类型。对于两种或两种以上成分的混合类型,应采用前述三级分类命名原则进行详细分类。

命名 碳酸盐岩的详细名称应包括: 颜色、层厚、特殊构造等内容,如灰黑色中厚层虫屑泥晶灰岩、褐黄色薄层鸟眼状微晶白云岩。

3. 碳酸盐岩野外观察描述的内容

颜色 碳酸盐岩的颜色多为各种色调的灰色,色调的深浅主要与有机质含量有关。有机质含量高时,岩石可呈黑灰色或黑色; 含铁质时可呈红或黄色; 含泥质时多呈褐黄色。

矿物成分 方解石、白云石及粘土物质仅凭肉眼很难准确区分,因此在野外对碳酸盐岩进行鉴定,需借助稀盐酸进行检验,并结合岩石的其他特征加以区分。

◎ 滴盐酸剧烈起泡,伴有嘶嘶的响声,并有小水珠飞溅,反应后无残余物者,一般以方解石为主,属石灰岩类。

◎ 滴盐酸起泡较剧烈,但响声微弱,无小水珠飞溅者,仍以方解石为主,但可能含有少量白云石,属白云质灰岩类。

◎ 滴酸反应不明显,起泡微弱,少量气泡滞留于岩石表面不动,无响声者,一般以白云石为主,含方解石较少,属灰质白云岩类。

◎ 滴酸不起泡或起泡极弱,仅在放大镜下才能见到极细小的气泡缓慢出现,将岩石研成粉末后滴酸则起泡,岩石常呈浅黄灰色,断口较粗糙,多呈瓷状或砂糖状,风化面有纵横交错的刀砍状溶沟———刀砍纹者,一般以白云石为主,属白云岩类。

◎ 滴酸起泡剧烈,但泡沫浑浊,反应后在岩石表面留有泥质薄膜,岩石新鲜面褐黄色,且较疏松者,一般含有较多的泥质,属泥灰岩类。

结构 碳酸盐岩结构类型较多,在野外观察时应首先确定是否有颗粒 ( 粒屑) 存在。一般来说,颗粒多因颜色略与基质不同而显示出来,在风化后会更明显。

对于颗粒 ( 粒屑) 结构的岩石,要注意观察颗粒的大小、形态、分选性、磨圆度、排列方式等特征,并确定颗粒的类型和百分含量。

构造 观察有无层理、波痕、干裂,以及叠层石、缝合线、叠锥、鸟眼等构造,详细描述各种沉积构造的特征及发育程度。

岩层厚度与接触关系 观察岩层的厚度,以及与上、下岩层的接触关系等特征。

次生变化 观察岩石的次生变化,如压溶、溶蚀、重结晶、交代等现象。

综合定名。

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