放射性元素铀超标250到400多倍是什么概念?

2025-03-15 04:39:54
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

此表中真正值得关注只有U-235和U-238,所谓天然铀就是0.72%左右的U-235加上99.28%左右的U-238。天然铀衰变对人体造成的放射性损伤完全可以忽略不计,这是因为:
天然铀中两种铀同位素半衰期都在十亿年左右()的数量级,跟地球年龄差不多,所以衰变极其缓慢,几乎可认为是稳定核素。
天然铀中两种铀同位素都是都是衰变,同等情况下三种射线粒子中粒子的穿透能力最弱,的粒子在人体组织中的射程仅为几十到一百个微米,连表皮都不一定能穿透,再考虑人所穿衣物的屏蔽作用,这种能量的粒子在体外不可能对人体造成任何实质影响。所以在实际工作中都不会考虑射线的外照射(意思是可以随意进行近距离观察和零距离触摸,只是考虑到部分衰变核素有化学毒性以及要保持元件表面光洁,一般都还是要戴手套或者用镊子等工具夹取),只需避免内照射就行(意思是不要让放射源通过口鼻或体表伤口等进入体内)。
严格来说,U-235和U-238在衰变的过程中除了射线外还会放出射线,但实际工作中不必考虑其影响,个中缘由见分隔线下的补充说明

评估射线影响需要明确种类(射线穿透能力最弱)、能量(能量越低穿透能力越弱)、强度(衰变越快,单位时间内产生的射线粒子越多,射线就越剧烈)

评估辐射防护需要明确时间(接触时间越短越安全)、距离(距离越远越安全)、屏蔽(屏蔽材料质量厚度越大越安全)

核反应堆内放射性之所以高,是因为在堆内中子的参与下,铀核发生了包括裂变在内的核反应,这些核反应会产生大量高放射性的核素。在进入堆内接受中子辐照前,铀(包括高浓铀)本身衰变放射性对人体造成的影响完全可以忽略不计

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