温带草原有哪些典型植物?

2025-03-21 10:23:35
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

温带草原的植物大部分由多年生丛生、禾本科、旱生植物组成,乔木之所以很难在这里成长主要是因为这里的水分稀少,除了乔木植物之外还有部分杂生草类植物。禾本科草类根系扎得较深,并成丛分布形成连续而稠密的草地。典型草原的禾本科草类具有叶片狭窄,有绒毛卷叶,甚至具有蜡质层等旱生植物的结构特点。在温带大陆性气候下发育的,以多年生低温旱生丛生禾草植物占优势的草本植物群落为温带草原。植被以禾本科、豆科、莎草科植物占优势,菊科、藜科和其他杂类草也占有重要的地位。在禾本科植物中,以丛生禾草针茅属最为典型。该属不同的种类在不同的草原中起着重要作用。草原植物普遍具有旱生结构,如为了减少水分蒸腾而出现了叶面积缩小,叶片内卷或气孔下陷的现状,为了更好的便吸收地下水分和抵御强风,根系也有了更好的发育。温带草原的季节变化有很明显外在表现,如春末夏初会出现一片绿意盎然的生机,而到了秋初的枯黄一片大有萧条之感。

由于温带草原的天然隐蔽条件不佳,所以动物多为视力、听力都很发达的啮齿类、蹄类、蹄类等,如亚洲的黄羊和北美的叉角羚羊等奔跑能力、听力、视力等都比较好。温带草原多见的动物是啮齿类,专营洞穴生活。它们适量的发展可以促进草原植物生长,但由于降水年际变率很大,使产草丰欠不均。啮齿类具有很高繁殖能力,如大量扩增种群个体而洞穴密度加大,草原便遭严重破坏,其结果又造成种群大批死亡和外移。啮齿类的天敌主要有食肉的狼和鼬类等,它们的出现可以控制啮齿类动物的猖狂。

由于温带草原的土壤肥力、地形地势等外界条件都比较适宜农业、畜牧业的开发,所以随着农业、畜牧业开发时间早又缺乏科学管理,而产生了一系列如过度放牧、毒草害草增加、土壤冲蚀、植株变矮、盖度减少等环境问题,而随人类活动的迁徙,一些杂草也进入草原地带从而改变了原有植物的结构,目前大都为耐放牧之草类存活下来,但是也使火灾的频率增加。另外草原植被带也因气候的变迁和沙漠化的加速而大范围的减少。

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